Kalba ir kontekstai / Language in different contexts 2015, t. 6, d. 2

It is possible to know the information about living ethnic groups and changes in ethno-linguistic situation in a certain area not only from historical data but also from linguistic ones, primarily from onomastics. This article deals with the problem of origin of some geographical names: Myory, Postavy, Sharkovshchina. These towns are situated in the western part of Vitebsk Region of Belarus. Oikonyms Myory and Postavy have a hydronymic origin,the topographic basis for these geographical names were the names of the lakes ( or parts of them) near which these towns arose. In the name of Lake Myory, which gave the name to the town Myory, a Finnish background could be traced,for a period of several centuries a Finnish name “Maijaura” (maij/jaura:”maij”-a beaver and “jaura”-lake) has been transformed into Belarussian Myory. The name Postavy most probably came from a Lithuanian word “postovis”, which means ‘a deep place in the river where the water flows slowly’. In the Belarussian language this Lithuanian word has been transformed into Pastavy. Sharkovshchina has a patronymic origin from a Lithuanian antroponym “šarka”. Toponyms, which have been analyzed in this article, are evidence that in ancient times the territory of today’s Vitebsk Region was inhabited by Finnish tribes, after them came Baltic tribes and later Slavonic tribes.

The article covers upon verbal-ethnic peculiarities of neutral reactions and ones with assessment (positive and negative) to stimuli head, hand, foot in Russian, Belarusian and American associative dictionaries. It deals with qualitative and quantitative analyses of associations-assessments and their further classification as the method of defining them. It is based on psycholinguistic research foundation of valuable reflection of different objective relations and investigates objective and verbal semantic links between words in the associative-verbal network of an average language speaker. While defining associative links of assessment, the author looks upon reactions as the words that may contain general assessment in their denotative meaning. A binomial stimulus → reaction is also considered as either a free or set word expression with possible connotative assessment. Assessment can be implied out of the direct meaning of the actualized expression or its figurative meaning. It is concluded that frequent phraseological associative links in the associative-verbal network of an average language speaker predetermine one’s evaluative attitudes to the objects and contribute to evaluative components of meaning of the corresponding words. The so-called precedential associations can refer not only to idioms of a language, but also to names, titles, texts, objects and notions of a cultural group. Different salience of the categories in the three languages indicates some deductions about the specific properties of the linguistic world image of Russians, Belarusians and Americans, and of their verbal thinking.

The article shows that the path to understanding the phenomenon of man’s consciousness and thinking is possible through the national language: the language contains all the basic knowledge that the person accumulated in philosophy, psychology, sociology and religion. The distinctive characteristics of the emerging linguoculturology has become the approach in which the knowledge, gained in other humanities, is not ignored, but rather actively used as the actual linguocultural objectives. The integrity is evident in the research perspective, which is determined by the complexity and diversity of phenomena of language and culture, the multiplicity of their relationships and, in turn, explains why the solution of a problem helps to clarify a variety of other issues. This article has been written at the junctions of linguoculturology, linguistics, psychology, sociology and philosophy.

Straipsnyje analizuojama leksinė semantinė lietuvių kalbos įtaka baltarusiškiems gyvenviečių pavadinimams baltarusių-lietuvių pasienyje. Šios teritorijos oikonimų sistemoje išskirtos leksinės semantinės grupės, vienijančios apeliatyvinės, antropoliginės, hidroniminės kilmės oikonimus. Numatyti lietuvių kalbos žodžių darybos elementai, kurie buvo naudojami baltarusių oikonimijoje: priesąga baltar. -iшкі, liet.-iškės yra pati aktyviausiai ir produktyviausia.

Education and sciences play a big role in human life and have significant place in proverbs and sayings. The article presents observations on Russian proverbs and sayings, related to the topics of the teaching and sciences. The study analyses several different collections of Russian proverbs and sayings, published at the different periods of time. The proverbs and sayings contain rules and truths that were created and inherited from peasants’ common traditions and also those that highlight the national specifics. The analysis of the proverbs and sayings reveals that Russian proverbs and sayings can tell us not only about common traditions of Russians and attitudes to education and sciences but some proverbs and sayings reflect the specific of their period (for example, contains letters of old Slavic Alphabet and modifications of some paremies units of modern time) as well. Proverbs and sayings tell us about separate social group educations traditions (for example, about traditions of the Old Believers). The author discusses the proverbs and sayings with reference to functions of proverbs and sayings in everyday communication. This article provides a comparison between Russian and Lithuanian proverbs, related to the topic of education and sciences. Particular attention is paid to the common features of the proverbs in languages under examination. The proverb meaning similarity of Russian and Lithuanian languages is noted in many cases, but there is some variation of the used images in several examples.

Visuomenėje anglų kalbos vartojimas tampa komunikacijos norma. Angliškos kilmės žodžius galima rasti beveik visose gyvenimo srityse: politikoje, žiniasklaidoje, muzikoje, sporte, grožio ir kompiuterinių technologijų pramonėje bei reklamoje. Pasaulio kalbininkai reklama vadina vartais, per kuriuos angliškos kilmės žodžiai patenka į kalbą. Todėl labiausiai paplitusia tyrinėjimo kryptimi reklamoje laikoma anglų kalba, jos naudojimas ir įtaka kitom kalbom. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami anglų kalbos ir jos elementų vartojimas Vokietijos ir Lietuvos interneto reklamos tekstuose. Remiantis ankstesniais tyrimais, apžvelgiamos galimos skolinimosi priežastys, anglų kalbos naudojimo reklamoje tikslai ir jos funkcijos. Angliškos kilmės žodžiai gali būti integruoti ar neintegruoti skirtinguose kalbos lygiuose: grafiniame, morfologiniame, leksiniame ir sintaksiniame. Empirinėje straipsnio dalyje nagrinėjami anglų kalbos skolinių reklamoje tipai ir jų integracija vokiečių ir lietuvių kalbose.

Vasil Uładzimiravič Bykaŭ’s works are characterized by deeply emotional, psychological and highly artistic quality that makes them of great interest to a wide readership, including in Georgia. The perception of V. Bykaŭ’s works in Georgia comes through translation, which is carried out due to the internal needs of modern Georgian literature, where the search for moral, philosophical and psychological problems is a rather intensified object of interest. By the translation of the story "The Ordeal" ("Сотнікаў"), Georgian literature has enriched its creative pursuits in moral, ethical and psychological issues. The translation was made by A. Viaznikova and Z. Kiknadze directly from the original and published in Tbilisi in 1981. It should be outlined that "The Ordeal" occupies a special place in the history of Georgian–Belarusian literary relationships, the main aspect of it being the translation. The translators have coped well with their main task – they realistically transferred the means and stylistic devices into the Georgian language without losing the ideological and emotional intensity of the story. Trying to stay close to the original, the translators have sought to comply not only with its semantic and emotional content, but also with its form. The translation conveys well and appropriately shows the complex, ambiguous and multifaceted nature of the characters, especially the main characters, their deep feelings, intimate impulses of their souls, their resistance and doubt. The translators tried to create, by means of the Georgian language, a creative world equivalent to the original and carefully interpret the artistic techniques used in the original. The Georgian translation of "The Ordeal" is performed at the highest artistic level. It recreates the actual ideological and artistic world of the original. The Georgian translation in a number of episodes, in particular in dialogues where there are jargon, dialect and barbarisms, differs much more from the original. This can be perceived as the main drawback of the translation.

The 11th century can be regarded as the beginning of a special stage in the centuries-long history of the Georgian tradition of translation. At that period a prominent position was occupied by the representatives of the Hellenophile School of Translation. Among them was the outstanding Georgian translator and scholar Ephrem Mtsire, who worked in the monastic center of the Black Mountain (the region of Antioch). Ephrem Mtsire established new principles and approaches, which emphasized a precise translation of the original. According to his conception, the process of translating a composition started with the acquisition of a “reliable and undoubtful” original. It could not itself be a translation, even a precise one. A composition should be translated only from the language of its creation. During the process of selection, a translator had to obey the interpreters’ literary etiquette, which obliged him or her to consider the existence of any previous Georgian interpretations of the chosen composition. Each concrete case of creating a second translation of a book demanded convincing argumentation in order to avoid the perception of the translator’s wish as daring or “showing off”. Retranslation of a composition was allowed only in those cases when the previous translation had not been made from the language of the composition’s creation, or when the original had been adaptively translated by the earlier interpreter. The adaptive way of interpretation (shortening or extending) could cause the loss of the depth and vividness of the original. The emphasis can be put on the present-day relevance of the approach of the translators who worked at the end of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th century. If we generalize Ephrem Mtsire’s famous phrase, in which he demands translating everything from Greek by making precise translations (“Everything from Greek and as everything is in Greek”), we can get the following formulation: “Everything from the original and everything similarly to the original.” This formulation still serves as the basis of translation activities even nowadays. A translation must be done from the language of creation and must convey thoughts and emotions in a way similar to the original.

The article analyzes the current state of methodology of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language. It describes the existing system of teaching Ukrainian language in foreign universities. It is noted that abroad books and manuals for representatives of a particular nationalities are published, and in Ukraine different direction of methodological researches is developing – it is foundation and creation of universal learning materials are not designed for a user of specific language or language group. The paper presents an overview of basic researches on teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language and identifies the main directions of modern scientific studies in this field. The author emphasizes the role of international scientific-practical conference on the theory and practice of teaching the Ukrainian language in a foreign audience. The article notes the emergence of numerous textbooks on the Ukrainian language as a foreign, which form a system of many-sided educational materials. These are manuals on Ukrainian for students of different level of language proficiency, books for the development of speech skills, guides to grammar, books, aimed at improving the professional skills of speech of foreign students of different specialties, tutorials for foreign students-philologists, books to read, and so on. The author defines some problems that should be solved for the effective development of teaching Ukrainian in a foreign audience. In a situation of the Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism it seems necessary to create a favorable linguo-socio-cultural environment for the foreigners which get higher education on the Ukrainian language. The article also emphasized the importance of the work to create a system of testing and certification of Ukrainian as a foreign language.

At first in the Ukrainian syntactic science, the author has attempted to clarify the features of complex sentences that have semantic and syntactic relation of compliance between their main and subordinate parts, in particular regarding communicative and syntactic level of their organization. Relevance of the problems raised is confirmed that a detailed study of complex sentences with a compliance meaning according to the terms of their actual division is necessary to identify more accurate description of syntactic structures of the specified type as units of communicative syntax. Based on the findings of domestic and foreign researchers of communicative syntax, the article proves that the theme-rhematic division of complex sentences of determinant type, which includes complex sentences of compliance, is different from the actual division of a simple sentence or other types of complex sentences. Agreeing with the views expressed in scientific investigations recently done, the researcher points out that the actual division is associated with the definition of specific correlation between its communicatively determined components: a theme that conveys information from which the speaker is repelled like from something stated and on which he makes posts, and rheme, which contains the message. The results of the analysis show that a prepositive part of compliance complex sentences, as actually less important one, always serves as a theme, and a postpositive part, as a communicative centre of a sentence-expression, always performs a rheme function. Because of the flexibility of the structure of the studied sentences, the communicative status of rheme can have both a major component (on a direct placement of components) and a subordinate one (on conditions of inversion location of predicative parts). The considered factual material shows that the actual division of compliance complex sentences can be of a binary character (one theme and one rheme), and of a multi-layered one (when there highlighted a theme and a rheme of a higher layer, and a theme and a rheme of a lower layer), depending on the speaker’s communicative goal.