The three editions of the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529, 1566, 1588) belong to the legal codes of universal importance and are called the phenomena of the historical epoch. The Code of feudal law is written in “Russian” (Belorussian and Ukrainian), which was used as the office language in the country. This document is of great importance for the investigation of the lexis and other linguistic aspects of the literary Belorussian and Ukrainian languages of the 16th century. The Statutes reflect the process of the development of the social and political changes of the state. Being a monument of juridical writing, they extensively reflect the social lexis. In the article, the comparative method has been applied for the analysis of the following subgroups of lexis dealing with: a) social layers and different occupations; b) duties, obligations, tributes, customs, income taxes; c) territorial-administrative items and propriety names. The article focuses attention on the common features and differences in the three editions of the Statutes. The analysis allows us to draw conclusions that in the lexis of the Statutes there are many words widely reflecting the above-mentioned thematic groups. In the second (1566), and especially in the third (1588) edition, as they became more voluminous due to new or supplementing articles, the thematic lexical group is enriched by new terms, most often loanwords which are Polonisms or Polonism-Germanisms, Polonism-Latinisms and others. A great many of those words were known in the Old Russian language and some of them had undergone semantic changes. In the titles denoting professions and occupations there were more borrowings, while in the titles concerning courtiers and artisans there were words from Eastern Slavonic. Very peculiar neologisms from Old Belorussian and Ukrainian are rather rare. Due to the different origins of the words, the synonymy of some terms has been registered.

One of the most important monuments of juridical-legal literature in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is the Statute (its three editions: 1529, 1566, 1588), the code of feudal law written in the “Rusian” language, which for several centuries was used as the chancery/office language in the country. This document is very important for research on the lexis and other linguistic aspects of 16th-century literary Belorussian and Ukrainian, because the lexical layer best reflects the GDL’s political, economic and cultural relations with other countries. The lexis of the Statute is thematically quite diverse, but the legal-juridical vocabulary in this code of feudal law is the richest. In the article, using the comparative method, the thematic-lexical cluster of words denoting or defining crimes, criminals and forms of punishment is analysed. The common features of this lexis, its specific traits and loanwords in the three editions are identified. The analysis shows that the Statute contains both common and specific words and terms naming various life situations, crimes, offenders and punishments. In the second (1566) and especially the third (1588) edition, which became more extensive due to new or supplementary articles, this thematic-lexical cluster was enriched with new terms, most often loanwords. From the point of view of origin, the lexis shows items inherited from Old Russian (often polysemous), from Old Belorussian and Ukrainian (with specific word-formation), as well as borrowings – mostly Polonisms, but also Polonism–Germanisms and Polonism–Latinisms. A distinctive feature of this lexical cluster is polysemy: the same words can denote both crimes and types of punishment. There are also pairs of short words for crimes and criminals, synonymic doublets of different roots expressing the same concept, and word-formation variants. The analysis confirms that in the 16th century terminology in this field had not yet been standardised, and the three editions of the Statute reflect particular stages in the formation of legal-juridical terminology. Thus, besides its legal value, the Statute is a unique linguistic phenomenon of its time.

Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo ištirti ir palyginti padelio ir teniso žaidimų metu patiriamus fizinių krūvių skirtumus. Šiame tyrime dalyvavo aštuoni (n = 8) nacionalinio lygio teniso žaidėjai vyrai (amžius 27,0 ± 7,4 metų, ūgis 186,3 ± 7,7 cm, kūno masė 81,5 ± 10,7 kg). Kiekvienas dalyvis turėjo Nacionalinės teniso asociacijos reitingą ir dalyvavo svarbiausiuose nacionaliniuose vieneto ir dvejetų turnyruose. Jie taip pat dalyvavo Nacionalinės padelio federacijos organizuojamuose A lygio turnyruose. Tyrimo metu buvo sužaista 12 simuliacinių rungtynių – po 6 teniso ir padelio. Žaidėjų poros buvo suformuotos pagal panašų meistriškumo lygį, siekiant užtikrinti konkurencingumą. Visi dalyviai sužaidė po trejas rungtynes kiekvienoje sporto šakoje, trunkančias po 40 min., imituojant vieno seto trukmę. Šiuo tyrimu palyginome padelio ir teniso dvejetų žaidėjų patiriamą fizinį krūvį bei nustatėme žaidimo veiklos charakteringus skirtumus. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad teniso žaidimo metu žaidėjai patyrė didesnį išorinį fizinį krūvį pagal visus tirtus parametrus. Bendras įveiktas atstumas, judėjimo intensyvumas, vidutinis greitis, maksimalus greitis, sprintų kiekis, aukšto intensyvumo greitėjimų atstumas žaidžiant tenisą buvo didesnis nei žaidžiant padelį. Tačiau širdies susitraukimų dažnis bei laktato kiekis kraujyje abiejų žaidimų metu nesiskyrė.

Straipsnis skirtas konceptų įstatymas, tiesa, teismas tyrimui. Šie konceptai sudaro rusų ir baltarusių teisės kognityvinę erdvę. Gretinamoji medžiagos analizė leido nustatyti, kad abiejų tautų konceptualus pasaulio vaizdas daug kuo panašus, nes tai nulėmė ilgas bendras rusų ir baltarusių gyvenimas vienos valstybės teritorijoje. Savo ruožtu šimtme čius besiformuojanti baltarusių teisinė sistema uždėjo savo antspaudą ant baltarusių mentaliteto, kuris pastaruoju metu keičiasi.

The aim of the article is to investigate the position of comic literature in modern textbooks of literature for grades 5–12. The textbooks published in Lithuania during the transitional period of the reforms in education (1987–1997) and modern textbooks published in 1998–2002 as well as French textbooks of literature were chosen as objects of comparative analysis. The results of the analysis showed that in modern (1998– 2002) textbooks of literature for grades 5–10 comic works of literature are given much more attention to than in those of the transitional period (1987–1997). The difference is statistically significant. Nevertheless, comparison of textbooks for grades 11–12 revealed that this difference is statiscally insignificant. Having analysed the results of the research, it is possible to state that positive changes in the development of culture of humour in school are noticeable only in basic school (grades 5–10).

Regionizacija nėra naujas reiškinys, tačiau pasta rųjų metų tendencijos skatina į jį pažvelgti naujai. Regionizacijos koncepcija vystėsi kartu su globali zacijos samprata ir nusakė regionines posistemes, hierarchijas, egzistuojančias globalėjančiame pa saulyje (De Lombaerde ir kt., 2019). Šis fenome nas atspindėjo ir pagrindinius veiksnius, tuo metu darančius įtaką regionalizacijai, t. y. regioninius prekybos susitarimus, regionines muitų sąjungas ir laisvosios prekybos zonas. Vėlesniuose etapuose, formuojantis kompleksinei globalizacijos koncepcijai, regionalizacija buvo apibūdinama kaip erdvinio išsidėstymo (angl. spatial ordering) procesas (Soma ir kt., 2016), nulemtas tarpvalstybinių / tarpregioninių srautinių ryšių formavimosi, taigi ir padidėjusio susietumo tarp šalių (Kim, Shin, 2002). Taigi šiuo metu regionalizacija suprantama kaip sudėtingas, daugialypis reiškinys, kuriam reikalinga kompleksinė tyrimo metodika, apimanti ne tik geografinius ar ekonominius aspektus, bet ir besiformuojančias glaudaus susietumo struktūras. Mokslinėje literatūroje aptinkama tiek regionalizacijos apibrėžimo, tiek ir vertinimo metodų įvairovė (Lambert ir kt., 2015; Kim, Shin, 2002; Iapadre, Tajoli, 2014; Nelson, Zolnik, 2013), api mančių struktūrinę ir koreliacijos analizę, tinklinę analizę, regioninius indeksus ir gravitacines lygtis. Pažymima, kad kiekviena metodika linkusi sutelkti dėmesį į tam tikrą regionalizacijos aspektą, tačiau nevertina jo kaip daugialypio reiškinio. Skirtingų metodikų fragmentiškumas skatina palyginti skir tingas regionalizacijos vertinimo metodikas ir aptarti jų panašumus bei skirtumus, siekiant nustatyti, kaip jas būtų galima patobulinti ar sujungti, jog tinkamai būtų galima įvertinti regionalizaciją kaip kompleksinį reiškinį. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama palyginti įvairias regionalizacijos vertinimo metodikas, nustatyti jų panašumus, skirtumus ir ribotumus bei galimas tobulinimo kryptis. Šis tyrimas atliekamas dviem etapais. 1 etape regionalizacijos matavimo metodikos lyginamos pagal duomenų charakteristikas (4 palyginimo klausimai). 2 etape lyginami matavimo metodai (4 palyginimo klausimai). Iš viso buvo suformuluoti 8 lyginamieji klausimai, remiantis regionalizacijos matavimo metodų ypatumais. Tyrimo imtį sudaro 9 atrinkti ankstesni regionalizacijos tyrimai, atlikti 2002–2020 m. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad ankstesnė regionalizacijos literatūra daugiausia apima prekybos sektorių ir paprastai 10–20 metų laikotarpį, o imties dydis ir duomenų tipas labai skiriasi priklausomai nuo duomenų prieinamumo ir analizuojamo regionalizacijos aspekto. Tik viename iš analizuotų tyrimų buvo sujungti 2 vertinimo metodai, kas leido įvairiapusiškiau įvertinti tiria mą objektą. Dauguma ankstesnių regionalizacijos tyrimų skirti vertinti jos formavimosi faktą, tačiau struktūriniai, koreliacijos ar regioniniai indeksai bei tinklinė analizė neapima veiksnių, sąlygojančių Taip pat pasitelkiamos ir regresijos lygtys su geo grafiniais svertais, leidžiančios įvertinti, kaip kiekvieno nepriklausomo kintamojo koeficientai pasi skirstę geografiškai. Ankstesni gravitacijos lygčių taikymo regionalizacijai matuoti bandymai retai atsižvelgia į galimybę sujungti keletą metodikų, pvz., įtraukti tinklinius rodiklius į šias lygtis, kas leistų vertinti regionalizaciją ne tik geografiniu ar ekonominiu aspektu, tačiau apimti ir šalių naujai susiformavusias tinklines struktūras. Taigi, tai gali būti vertinama kaip tolesnių regionalizacijos tyrimų viena iš tobulinimo krypčių.

Fifth graders as young adolescents are recognisable by training their abilities to think critically and questioning gender roles. It is known that any representation of gender in purely traditional roles shapes students’ minds and influences their understanding of their abilities and interests. Therefore, their learning environment must be suited for students‘ growth as intellectuals. Textbooks, being one of the most popular tools between teaching materials, are responsible for the righteous portrayal of gender roles. The object of this study was to evaluate mathematics textbooks for the fifth graders using comparative analysis. For this research, four textbooks for fifth graders were chosen to be evaluated based on their usage in schools. Mixed methodology content analysis was performed together with evaluation analysis that was based on content analysis findings. For research purposes, the author‘s evaluation matrix was created. This research showed results determining the stereotypical portrayals of gender roles in all examined teaching materials. The portrayal of gender mostly dominated in traditional roles, almost in all categories was domination by males, except for traditionally ‘feminine’ household activities, also in some cases, there was a devaluation of women’s logical skills. It showed that the portrayal of man’s gender had superiority over the woman’s gender.

In two following decades of Independence changing the education of Lithuania great attention was paid to the content of education, to be more precise, modern and general programs of examinations and national textbooks of teaching subjects were made. During such period of time in Lithuania there are made many textbooks of alternative mathematics for different forms. For instance, sixth textbooks are suggested for the fifth form now. Criteria, which are used by teachers in order to evaluate alternatives, are not emphasized, that is why the evaluational analysis of textbooks of mathematics should be made. The teachers of the fifth forms and the students of the fourth and the fifth forms were questioned to find out, how the content and pedagogical and didactical features of different textbooks are evaluated by teachers. What is more, attention was paid to pupils’ choose of the mathematics’ textbook for the fifth form. The questionnaire revealed that students evaluate textbooks according to variety of visual material. Also the material is more acceptable which is based on pupils’ practical life, context and practical criteria such as weight, size, form of the textbook, type of the cover, illustrations and quality. Students’ questionnaire showed that textbooks would be more attractive, more convenient to carry and the weight of bags would be standard if the practical criterion of evaluation was highlighted during the investigation. Teachers’ data analysis of the questionnaire makes recommendations how to evaluate a textbook. Looking at the results of investigation, we can recommend evaluating textbooks according to pedagogical, psychological and ergonomical criterion. Moreover, choosing a textbook students point of view should be considerate.

Отправной точкой исследования становится сопоставление терминов, конкурирующих в современном отечественном и зарубежном научном дискурсе с “praesens historicum”, в том числе обозначений “dramatic present” и “you-are-there-illusion”. Изучение оппозиций, предлагаемых учеными, и трактовок настоящего исторического, идущих «от грамматики» и «от текста», приводит к выбору нового ракурса изучения данного явления: не в контрасте с грамматическим окружением, а в функциональном единстве с элементами, ориентированными на общий прагматический эффект «погружения» читателя в хронотоп происходящего. Среди таких элементов – дейктические показатели, лексика с перцептивной семантикой и другие средства репродуктивного регистра, эмотивные и оценочные слова, повышающие субъективизацию повествования и выводящие описываемые события на первый план. Показательным материалом для практических наблюдений за функционированием презенсных нарративных форм и их «спутников» являются вари- анты русского перевода одного и того же повествовательного текста с английского языка, где praesens historicum используется не так широко. Последовательное предпочтение русским переводчиком форм настоящего исторического, а не прошедшего нарративного сопровождается выбором целого ряда вышеперечисленных семантико-грамматических средств, поддерживающих эффект «драматизации» повествования.

The paper aims to reveal the decisive factors and presumptions of Lithuania’s and Latvia’s immigration policy formation. The theoretical model is constructed by using immigration policy theories, presumptions and strategies, possible models of incorporation, role of social actors, and influence of social (non)security. Based on this theoretical model an analysis of Lithuania’s and Latvia’s immigration policy was attempted. The target group of this article is not citizens of EU countries, but integration processes which are connected with, or involved in, the conception of immigration policy. The historically created genesis of society (homogeneous and formed on ethnocentric basis) and presumptions of identity formation affect the formation of a strict immigration policy in Latvia and Lithuania, in order to ensure the social security of society and to maintain ethnic and cultural identity. Temporary immigration policy is institutionalized by realizing statutes of circular immigration policy. In this way the probability of constant immigration is reduced by trying to protect the homogeneity and social security of society. Integration of newly-arrived immigrants is not implemented in Lithuania and Latvia, as the only political and practical means indicated by the European Fund for the Integration of Third-country Nationals.