Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo ištirti ir palyginti padelio ir teniso žaidimų metu patiriamus fizinių krūvių skirtumus. Šiame tyrime dalyvavo aštuoni (n = 8) nacionalinio lygio teniso žaidėjai vyrai (amžius 27,0 ± 7,4 metų, ūgis 186,3 ± 7,7 cm, kūno masė 81,5 ± 10,7 kg). Kiekvienas dalyvis turėjo Nacionalinės teniso asociacijos reitingą ir dalyvavo svarbiausiuose nacionaliniuose vieneto ir dvejetų turnyruose. Jie taip pat dalyvavo Nacionalinės padelio federacijos organizuojamuose A lygio turnyruose. Tyrimo metu buvo sužaista 12 simuliacinių rungtynių – po 6 teniso ir padelio. Žaidėjų poros buvo suformuotos pagal panašų meistriškumo lygį, siekiant užtikrinti konkurencingumą. Visi dalyviai sužaidė po trejas rungtynes kiekvienoje sporto šakoje, trunkančias po 40 min., imituojant vieno seto trukmę. Šiuo tyrimu palyginome padelio ir teniso dvejetų žaidėjų patiriamą fizinį krūvį bei nustatėme žaidimo veiklos charakteringus skirtumus. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad teniso žaidimo metu žaidėjai patyrė didesnį išorinį fizinį krūvį pagal visus tirtus parametrus. Bendras įveiktas atstumas, judėjimo intensyvumas, vidutinis greitis, maksimalus greitis, sprintų kiekis, aukšto intensyvumo greitėjimų atstumas žaidžiant tenisą buvo didesnis nei žaidžiant padelį. Tačiau širdies susitraukimų dažnis bei laktato kiekis kraujyje abiejų žaidimų metu nesiskyrė.

Straipsnyje analizuojami Lietuvos olimpinės rinktinės slidininkų treniruotės krūviai, atlikti per pratybų mezociklus vasaros ir rudens laiku treniruojantis specialiame slidinėjimo tunelyje ant dirbtinio sniego ir treniruojantis aukštikalnėse ant natūralaus sniego. Per pratybas pulso matuokliais „Polar AccuRex-Plus“ buvo registruojamas širdies susitraukimų dažnis (ŠSD), energijos sąnaudos (kcal), atliekamo krūvio trukmė, širdies susitraukimų skaičius per nuotolio įveikimo laiką. Per slidinėjimo pratybas specialiame tunelyje buvo ugdoma specialioji aerobinė ištvermė ir tobulinama slidinėjimo technika, o krūvio intensyvumas pagal širdies susitraukimų dažnį buvo tarp aerobinio slenksčio ir anaerobinio slenksčio ribos. Slidininkės I. Terentjevos vidutinis ŠSD (x±SD) per atskiras pratybas siekdavo nuo 128±21 iki 141±12,7 k./min, slidininko A. Novoselskio – nuo 129±17 iki 141±14,9 k./min. Per slidinėjimo pratybas aukštikalnėse (2700 m virš jūros pralygio) slidininkės I. Terentjevos ŠSD kito nuo 139±16,2 iki 156±13,4 k./min, slidininko A. Novoselskio – nuo 138±13,9 iki 153±12,2 k./min. Tyrimas parodė, kad fizinis krūvis per slidinėjimo pratybas yra kintamo intensyvumo, todėl reikia registruoti vidutinį širdies susitraukimų dažnį (x) per pratybas ir krūvio apimtį, pasiektą darbo metu esant skirtingam širdies susitraukimų dažniui.

Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti submaksimalaus veloergometrinio mėginio ir atsigavimo metu atsirandančius sportininkų ir nesportuojančių asmenų fiziologinių rodiklių pokyčius, apskaičiuojant šių rodiklių normalizuotą histerezę. Tyrime dalyvavo 270 sveikų savanorių (trys vyrų – krepšininkų, futbolininkų ir nesportuojančiųjų – grupės bei dvi moterų – krepšininkių ir nesportuojančiųjų – grupės). Naudota KMU Kardiologijos institute sukurta automatizuota EKG analizės sistema ,,Kaunas–Krūvis”. Atliktas kompiuterizuotas veloergometrinis fizinio krūvio mėginys naudojant trumpalaikį provokacinį tyrimo protokolą. Norint analizuoti sportininkų organizme vykstančius pokyčius, taikytas integralios organizmo reakcijos į fizinį krūvį modelis, apimantis reguliacinės sistemos (centrinė nervų sistema, autonominis, humoralinis valdymas), aprūpinančios sistemos (jungiančios kvėpavimo ir širdies bei kraujagyslių sistemas) bei vykdančiosios sistemos (fizinio krūvio metu veiklių raumenų grupė) tarpusavio sąsają. Nagrinėta širdies susitraukimų dažnio (ŠSD), elektrokardiogramos intervalo JT, sistolinio arterinio kraujo spaudimo ir išvestinių dydžių – santykinės repoliarizacijos JT/RR ir santykinės pulsinės amplitudės (S-D)/S, kur D yra diastolinis kraujo spaudimas, – normalizuota histerezė. Visų tirtų grupių JT/RR histerezė buvo patikimai didesnė už kitų tirtų fiziologinių rodiklių histerezę. Visų grupių S histerezė buvo mažiausia ir patikimai skyrėsi, išskyrus nesportuojančias moteris, kurių S histerezė taip pat buvo mažiausia, bet nesiskyrė nuo JT histerezės. Nesportuojančių asmenų ŠSD histerezė nesiskyrė nuo (S-D)/S, o sportuojanciųjų ŠSD histerezė buvo patikimai didesnė. Remiantis gautais duomenimis nustatyta, kad fiziologinių rodiklių histerezės įvertinimas veloergometrinio mėginio ir atsigavimo metu suteikia naujos informacijos apie vykstančius fiziologinių rodiklių pokyčius. Fizinio krūvio metu didžiausias pokytis pastebėtas vykdančiosios ir aprūpinančiosios sistemų sąsajos bei širdies dažnio, atsigavimo metu didžiausias vaidmuo tenka aprūpinančiajai sistemai ir kraujagyslių reakcijoms. Sportuojančių asmenų reguliacinės sistemos vaidmuo submaksimalaus fizinio krūvio mėginio metu buvo didesnis nei nesportuojančiųjų.

It have been establishes that, although single muscular contraction power have been increasing during the testing period, results were not high enough because of too low jumps and too low speed of take-of. Thus we may assume that individual players' adaptation during all the season have not beet oriented at the increasing of above capacities. Indices of short-term loads capacities, as anaerobic alactic muscular power, 5 m running velocity and agility, were increasing, and their results were close to the indices of high performance basketball players. Psychomotor response rate and movement frequency increased during the testing period in average 15,92 ms. During the four year period, functional capacity of circulatory and respiratory systems was of good adaptation level. Roufier index does not exceed 5,42 and was not lower than 3,80. Heart rate at rest (reacting at the physical loads and recovering after) in four years changed slightly.

The Lithuanian modern pentathlon athletes won silver and bronze medals in Beijing Olympic Games. The training technologies of these athletes and the change in their physical functional capacities have been investigated for a long period already. This has allowed for an objective assessment of adaptive changes in the athletes’ organism and for a comparison of their physical and functional capacities during the two fouryear Olympic cycles. The goal of the research was to analyse the structure and content of the four year Olympic cycle ‘Beijing-2008’, to investigate and evaluate the change in the physical and functional capacities of Lithuanian national pentathlon team members during the analysed period and to compare the indices with the analogous research results obtained before the Olympic Games in Athens. The sample of the research included two members of Lithuanian Olympic pentathlon team members who trained for the Olympic Games following the programme ‘Beijing-2008’. A number of capacity indices were measured and the training load of pentathletes and their training time input were analysed. The research revealed a stabilisation in the body mass of the both athletes over the four-year Olympic cycle and an upward tendency in the pentathletes’ muscle mass. During the Olympic cycle, the muscular power during short-time work remained stable. The athletes achieved and maintained a very high aerobic capacity throughout the entire four-year Olympic cycle. It was extremely high in the last year of the cycle and allowed the athletes to demonstrate good results in the running event, which was crucial in the fight for the medals. The research results show that the pentathletes’ physical fitness and functional capacity are still in progress, which forecast sufficient physical and functional capacity of these Lithuanian pentathlon athletes to strive for high performance in the London Olympic Games.

In 2009, for separate pentathlon events time allocation varied from 10,0 to 32,0 percent of general training session time, while in 2010 this difference decreased from 10,0 to 26,9 percent. Physical development indices of the athlete had come into constant position throughout four year period and became characteristic to elite pentathlon athletes’ physical body development indices model characteristics. Muscle capacity of the investigated athlete while performing short-lasting work tests is of average level; improving such feature could lead to better results in fencing, shooting and riding. Functional capacity of the athlete’s cardio-vascular system is the strongest point within the system of her physical and functional capacities, which allows her to cover less successful performance results in fencing and shooting.

Lithuanian national team road cyclist who had been training under the program “Beijing-2008” had been tested and data analysed. Athlete’s physical load during yearly cycle and time for practical training were researched, alternation of particular physical development, physical and functional capacity indices was established as well. The research revealed that cyclist’s physical load volume answers minimal norms recommended for highperformance cyclists. Cyclist’s physical development indices fluctuated minimally but general body mass, muscle and fat mass as competitions period came nearer had a tendency to decrease in contrast to muscle power in different energy producing zones, which, counting from the beginning of training period, had a tendency to grow. Aerobic capacity of the cyclist at the limit of critical intensity and at the limit of anaerobic metabolism threshold, counting from the beginning of training period, increased as well. Lithuanian cyclist’s I. K. results in Beijing Olympic Games (29th place) and in World road cycling championship (34th place) are evaluated as satisfactory.

The article notes that the development of oxidative stress and the violation of cellular energy balance is the primary link of the vast majority of systemically-forming homeostatic shifts in the athlete’s body and changes the vital structure and function of cellular and subcellular proteins membrane. Changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of lipid components of membranes, inhibition of the activity of key glycolysis enzymes, as well as the deterioration of bioenergy mechanisms, result from the accumulation of free radicals due to activation of lipid peroxidation. The protection of the organelles responsible for energy supply from oxidative effects is provided by mitochondrial disconnecting proteins that exist in the myocardium. The development of metabolic ischemia due to the imbalance between the delivery of oxygen to cardiomyocytes and their need for myocardium is accompanied firstly by the inhibition of the process of oxidation of glucose and an increase in the use of fatty acids, and then the accumulation of lactate with the development of acidosis of the intracellular environment and the impairment of the ability of myocytes and cardiomyocytes to relaxtion and contraction. It has been established that strenuous muscle activity leads to the formation of a hypoxic state with its characteristic redistribution and increase of energy, metabolic, structural resources of the body in the interests of the tissue where adaptive adjustments are taking place. The insufficiency of energy generation due to the development of this state leads to the dysfunction of the mitochondrial apparatus, which subsequently causes the violation of the energy supply, antioxidant protection, membrane stability due to intensification of lipid peroxidation and leads to cell apoptosis. This forms a background for the occurrence of fatigue and tension, followed by reduction of physical performance of athletes. The detection of the above changes makes it possible to prevent and correct in a timely manner the negative effects of oxidative stress associated with ultra-intensive physical loads.

Cycling is one of the most popular means of physical activity among people of all ages, from children to seniors. At the same time, it appears to be a very popular competitive sport, also remaining one of the most complex sports in its content, where athletes are required to employ the whole set of their abilities. Excellence of road cyclists is mostly dependent on aerobic and anaerobic endurance and muscle power in various energy zones. Most of the cyclists’ results are determined by consistent workout planning during the annual training cycle, which is a complex pedagogical process including various structural, physiological, mental and adaptive processes taking place in athlete’s body. Thus, high requirements for training program accuracy are raised, aiming to ensure proper training of functional and physical capacities of an athlete. Road cyclists are characterized by high aerobic capabilities – high maximal oxygen uptake VO2 max and the ability to maintain it for a long time. VO2 max determines the athlete’s ability to maintain speed in the distance and to carry out great aerobic training volume. A review of a number of scientific publications on the training of elite cyclists, as well as observation of the change of these athletes’ physical and functional capacity during annual training cycle reveals that most articles focus on one certain aspect of training. Although our research includes the ones having focused on road cyclists training, there is still a lack of research to address the issue of high-performance cyclists’ training in Lithuania. The aim of the study is to summarize the preparation of the Lithuanian cyclist I. K. for the World Championship during his annual training cycle, as well as to carry out monitoring of the issues of his training, physical and functional capacity. Study organization and methods.[...]