Indriliūnaitė, Rasa

The article examines the value profiles among Lithuanian women and men. Data from the European Social Survey (Round 10) was used to perform latent profile analysis to determine the number of profiles among Lithuanian women and men. The latent profile analysis was performed to search for the best fitting profile number. The data confirmed that six-profiles solution is the best for both women and men. Only one significant difference was observed between the profiles. The findings of the research showed that men and women represent similar profiles based on the patterns of how value is important. These similarities among men and women suggest the existing of Lithuanian cultural profiles and that they are probably not gender-sensitive. However, considering the lack of a priori theory to exploit the findings, recommendations for future research are provided.

Objectives The quality of life surveys nowadays use different indicators of subjective wellbeing of an individual alongside with objective indicators more often. At the individual level, the assessments of subjective wellbeing of an individual are often based on the indicators of the marital status, the state of health, social inclusion, life satisfaction, income and similar indicators (Glatz, Eder 2019). The research shows that indicators of subjective health and social trust are one of the most significant components of positive assessments of subjective wellbeing: healthier people are more productive, socially engaged, and often earn more. Meanwhile, another part of researchers reveal that trust as a social resource as well as emotional wellbeing can also be a significant factor for physical health (Kim, Kawachi 2002). The objective of this presentation is to reveal the interrelation of assessments of social trust, subjective health and subjective wellbeing among representatives of different generations in Lithuania. Materials and Methods The presentation is based on the national study Experiences of (In)Security across Generations in Lithuania: Motives and Opportunities to Choose Life Trajectories which was implemented in 2020. Rich empirical data was collected during it (N=3000) about the most active 18–50 age-cohort which was analysed by using different methods of statistical analysis. Results The data shows differences in assessments of social trust, subjective health and subjective wellbeing by representatives of different cohorts that are not limited only to the category of age, i.e. differences in assessments are also observed according to other socio-demographic factors such as gender, etc. Conclusions The differences in assessments can be based on structural factors (the Soviet period, transition, etc.) and experiences undergone during them, which contributed to formation or change of certain values. Assessments are also determined by certain choices made in different stages of a life course that contributed to formation of a certain approach to own life.

Traditionally, moving out of the parental household, completing an education, beginning to work and being able to support oneself financially, finding a partner or marrying used to demarcate the transition to adulthood (Coles 1995; Clark, Mulder, 2000). The changing concept and role of the marriage and family, flexicurity in the labour market and other structural factors of the contemporary industrial society have opened a new social reality where individuals are forced to make decisions and rise to the challenges by simultaneously actively constructing an individual unique reality of their lives. The transition to the adulthood is no longer considered a linear sequence of discrete events. Life course scholars state that this transition is not simply the biographical timing of individual choices and structural conditions, but it strongly affected by cultural factors – gendered norms and value orientations (Inglehart, Oyserman, 2004).

The aim of this presentation is to examine the perceptions of adulthood and reveal the differences of the life course trajectories and value orientations among representatives of different generations in Lithuania.

The presentation is based on the data of the European Social Survey (ESS, round 9, 2019) and national study Experiences of (In)Security across Generations in Lithuania: Motives and Opportunities to Choose Life Trajectories, which was implemented in 2020. Building on a mixed method approach of a representative survey (n=3000) and biographical interviews (n=25) of the most active 18–50 age-cohort, this presentation examines the perceptions of adulthood and reveals the differences of the life course trajectories among representatives of different generations in Lithuania. Normative differences between generations are significantly influenced by institutional factors, as well as by cultural factors (age norms, gendered norms, based on different value orientations).

Leidinyje pristatoma sociologinio „Šeimų ir nelygybių tyrimo“ (toliau – ŠNT) klausimyno skalių bendroji ir techninė informacija. ŠNT yra sudėtinė projekto „Šeimos, nelygybės ir demografiniai procesai“ dalis. Projektas įgyvendintas laimėjus konkursinį Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansavimą pagal 2014–2020 m. ES investicijų veiksmų programos priemonės Nr. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712 veiklą „Mokslininkų kvalifikacijos tobulinimas vykdant aukšto lygio MTEP projektus“ (Nr. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0020). Jį vykdė Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Socialinių tyrimų centro mokslininkai. Projektas įgyvendintas 2018–2021 m. Jo metu sukurti du didelės apimties duomenų rinkiniai: ŠNT ir daugiau nei 80 gyvenimo istorijų duomenų bazė. ŠNT metu apklausta 3 000 respondentų, gimusių 1970–1984 metais. Jie atrinkti taikant reprezentatyvią daugiapakopę imtį. Lauko darbus atliko UAB „Baltijos tyrimai“. Išsamiau imties procedūros aptartos „Šeimų ir nelygybių tyrimas. Pagrindiniai tyrimo duomenys“ (2021) leidinyje. Respondentai apklausti popieriaus ir pieštuko asmeninio interviu būdu (PAPI), jų namuose. Apklausa vyko 2019 m. pradžioje.[...]

The presentation is based on the data of a quantitative and qualitative study on housing preferences and choices among Lithuanians of the 1970–1984 generation. Drawing on the theoretical framework of residential mobility and housing choice, biographical interviews and the National survey (n=3005) of Lithuanians of the birth cohort of 1970–1984 were analyzed. The study aims at identifying the differences within the cohort: the time for moving out of the parental household, the reasons for it, how the representatives of this cohort selfprovide housing and what kind of housing they choose for living, and how accessible is housing ownership to them, what impact the so-called bounded rationality, i.e. different resources, constraints, and opportunities, has on the housing choices of representatives of different generations. Empirical research shows that the socioeconomic differences of the generation being analyzed correlates both with different opportunities of its representatives in seeking private housing ownership and with the quality of housing owned by them and satisfaction with it. Young households of the middle generation, and especially those in the lower socioeconomic position, find seeking private housing ownership and high-quality housing, which meets their needs, without parental or external support rather difficult.

The article analyzes possibilities of individual self-provision of housing in Lithuania which are defined by a dualistic housing policy model. The model emerged after independence was restored, and is mainly characterised by a limited degree of responsibility of the state for housing needs of residents and a private housing fund controlled by the market players. In recent decades, many modern housing policy systems are undergoing intense changes due to the effects of financial crises and the challenges posed by a shrinking welfare state. A growing private housing sector and decreasing state support for housing are evident in dualistic and unitary housing systems. Structural changes in the labour market and demographic changes in society complicate the issue of selfprovision of housing for representatives of younger generations. Researchers agree that older generations were more privileged in the housing sector and had better possibilities to self-provide housing. The article aims at disclosing the context of possibilities for private self-provision of housing for representatives of the middle generation (born in 1970–1984) in Lithuania. Since this generation, as a separate cohort, has not received sufficient attention yet, it is worth distinguishing it because this generation, in the active period of their marital life, has experienced a rapid change in the society and structural, economic and political changes, as well as changes in the housing policy. All these changes make this generation different from older generations that lived in the environment of the Soviet housing provision system and the youngest generations that were socialized under conditions of liberal economics and dominating private housing ownership.

The article analyzes the role of the intergenerational support in self-provision of housing in Lithuania. Changes within last decades in the field of housing policy in many Western European countries are associated with both the effects of the financial crisis that this sector suffered and the challenges posed by a shrinking welfare state. This situation as well as processes associated with changes in the labor market and demographic changes complicated the issue of self-provision of housing for representatives of younger generations. Researchers unanimously agree that older generations were more privileged in the housing sector because they had better possibilities to self-provide housing in an oversupplied housing sector or, in the case of Lithuania, to privatize it. In contrast, representatives of younger generations entering the housing market today are more vulnerable in terms of acquisition of housing ownership. Therefore, researchers consider the housing sector as one of the generators of generational differences and potential inequalities. It has been observed that the form of parental housing ownership plays an important role in the field of possibilities of material support for adult children. The disposition of housing ownership usually allows children to ensure an easier access to housing ownership. On the contrary, the access to high quality housing and especially the right of acquisition of housing ownership is much less possible for those who do not have parents or other close persons who could support their young households. In this regard, it can be argued that the transfer of intergenerational high-quality housing and particularly housing ownership may be considered as an expression of a transmission of a social and economic status which under different financial possibilities could reproduce social inequalities. [...]