The article presents the results of the analysis of the inaugural speeches of the presidents of Georgia (2013), Lithuania (2009 and 2014) and Serbia (2017). The comparison revealed what conceptual metaphors were the basis of the generation of the analyzed texts; what meanings were key for the speakers; what arguments to authority were used; what connotations were spoken about relations with the United States, Russia and NATO; whether the speaker appealed to God and the Church; what is the rhetorical support of the analyzed texts and how the analyzed texts are localized on the official websites of the presidents of the three countries.

The article investigates the image of Georgia which is formed in Russian and Lithuanian media discourse (2001-2009). The author was intrested how to interpret certain events in Georgia for Russian and Lithuanian recipients. The source of the data were Russian National Corpus (www.ruscorpora.ru) and the Corpus of the Modern Lithuanian Language (http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/ tekstynas/). The analysis showed, for example, that: 1) in the Russian media discourse 2001-2009 Georgia is a country of rampant criminality, incompetent political leaders; in the Lithuanian media discourse Georgia is a normal democratic state; 2) in the Russian media discourse when covering 2008 war, Georgia was portrayed as an agressor, in Lithuania – the victim, the object of provocation by Russia; 3) in the Russian media discourse Georgia is drawn as a bridgehead and colony of its puppeteer – the US; in the Lithuanian media discourse Georgia is presented as a provider of Western values in the Caucasus, a faithful friend of the US.

Straipsnyje analizuojami tam tikri atsirandantys ir besivystantys grožinės literatūros stiliaus formavimosi procesui būdingi bruožai viduramžių epochoje. Tyrimas pagrįstas viduramžių Europos literatūriniais tekstais. Straipsnio tikslas – išsiaiškinti santykį tarp abipusiai ir artimai susijusių reiškinių, t.y. tarp stiliaus, teksto ir diskurso. Teorinis pagrindas pateikiamas prieš praktinę analizę. Analizei pasitelktas įvairių lingvistinių ir ne lingvistinių metodų kompleksas, t.y. lyginamasis metodas, literatūrinė analizė, tarpdiskursinės analizės elementai bendrojo istorinio požiūrio rėmuose, kurie buvo pritaikyti diskurso poetikai atskleisti. Kai kurie Dž. Čoserio „Kenterberio pasakojimų“ fragmentai buvo panaudoti kaip tyrimo medžiaga. Sprendžiant iškeltus uždavinius buvo kreipiamas dėmesys į erdvės ir laiko faktorių, o taip pat etninius kūrinio momentus. Šis straipsnis – tai įnašas į bendrąją stiliaus teoriją.

Retorika siekia oratorius ir kalbėtojus paruošti argumentavimui, o jos veiksmingumo šiuo atžvilgiu nebereikia įrodinėti. Ji pasitelkiama ne tik politikos, bet ir reklamos bei religijos diskursuose, tai yra visur, kur tik reikia kuo nors ką nors įtikinti – rinkimuose, prekyboje ar religijoje. Bet jei retorika siekia įtikinti, pagaudama pašnekovo dėmesį, ji turi ir tamsiąją pusę – ji gali tarnauti ir žmogų žeidžiančiam išnaudojimui. Dabar galima diskutuoti apie piktnaudžiavimą retorika, apie kalbos žodžio galią paveikti viešąją nuomonę ir visokio plauko klausytojus. Taip pat akivaizdu, kad retorika sukasi apie „receptus“, apie „perteikiamas“ žinias, kuriomis galima pasinaudoti ar jomis piktnaudžiauti ginant teisingą reikalą arba imantis manipuliavimo. Retorika įdomi ir žurnalistikos diskursui dėl savo įžvalgų, dėl taisyklių, kuriomis retorika naudojasi tam, kad įtikintų, ir dėl to, kad jai rūpi diskurso produkcijos procesas. Iš tiesų, žurnalistinis diskursas puikiai iliustruoja, kaip galima retorikos įnagius veiksmingai mobilizuoti argumentuojant, apgaudinėjant, žaidžiant vaizdais, metaforomis, naudojant polemiką. Šiuo požiūriu žurnalistikos diskursas įglaudžia retorikos priemones ir principus į visiems žmonėms ir piliečiams bendrą sugebėjimų skrynelę. Šiame darbe ištirsiu vieną redakcinių straipsnių ir žinių korpusą tam, kad parodyčiau, kaip nacionaliniuose dienraščiuose cirkuliuojantis diskursas patvirtina ir stiprina tradicinės retorikos sklaidą.

This paper analyses the use of the term kawaii as foreign word. The new aspects that it adds to the images of Japan will be analysed in three representative national French newspapers: Le Figaro, Libération and Le Monde published from 1999 to 2009. Kawaii is considered to be a key word that represents the Japanese popular culture. This term started to appear in French media in the 1990s, when France and other foreign countries began to import Japanese popular culture. Specifically, kawaii is a foreign word for the French media. Foreign words are used in three stages: as xenisms, as peregrinisms and as loan words. According to Dictionnaire de Linguistique (Dictionary of Linguistics), a xenism is a “foreign word mentioned with reference to a linguistic code of origin and to foreign realities.” A peregrinism “reflects encore foreign realities, but its meaning is understood by the interlocutor” without reference. A loan word is “versed to French vocabulary, and could for example enter in some process of derivation and of composition.” In this corpus, the term kawaii is used not only as a xenism mentioned with reference, but also as a peregrinism, without reference. It is even used as a loan word to designate a non- Japanese object. The further purpose of the paper is to progress towards the understanding how Japanese words, as foreign words that are used in French newspapers, participate in constructing the stereotypical image of Japan in the French society.

What characterizes journalistic representations of researchers and research in Norway? This article presents a quantitative analysis and a discourse analysis of how journalism that covers and uses scientific research has been practiced in major Norwegian newspapers in 1966, 1986 and 2006. The quantitative analysis suggests that this coverage in some respects has not changed significantly (e.g. the amount of sources used, the genres used for presentation). On the other hand, a comparative discourse analysis of articles covering emergent science in the three periods indicates how representations of scientific research are changing from resembling science’s own discourses to a more distinct adaption of the research, adjusting it to journalistic requirements of angles and storylines. However, the study presented here does not suggest that science journalism in Norway has developed an independent position from which it can throw a light upon scientific developments in a critical manner.

Sustainable energy transitions are increasingly becoming a subject to discourse analysis. This literature review looks at discourse analysis as a theoretical framework for energy policy research. It outlines its links with democracy, media and public sphere, argumentative struggle, hegemony and policy-making and research with specific focus on issues surrounding nuclear energy and energy security. The work concludes that recent cross-cultural discourse studies on energy, democracy and public debate are only beginning to emerge.