Positive interpersonal relationships between the coach, the athlete and the parents (C-A-P) in sports are one of the most important factors in relation to athlete’s long-term involvement in sport. In this sense, the evaluation of such relationships is very important in sports context. However, there is a lack of such evaluation instruments related to the C-A-P. It is noteworthy that the only instrument evaluating coach-athlete-parent interpersonal relationships is the English language PNPCAP (Positive Negative Processes Coach Athlete Parent) by Lisinskiene, Lochbaum, May, Huml, (2019). The purpose of this paper is to present the Coach-Athlete-Parent (C-A-P) Positive and Negative Interpersonal Relationship Processes (PNPCAP): Lithuanian version of the questionnaire. It is noteworthy that in order to create a new PNPTST questionnaire, several stages of research were carried out: 1) Two qualitative studies were performed (Lisinskiene, May, Lochbaum, 2019); 2) Two quantitative research studies were done (Lisinskiene, Lochbaum, May, Huml, 2019); 3) Analysis of PNPTST questionnaire, Success perception questionnaire, Sports climate questionnaire, Sports decision-making questionnaires were analysed in order to test PNPCAP validity. Based on the above mentioned research studies, this article presents the Lithuanian version of the PNPTST questionnaire. PNPTST is a suitable brief tool for evaluating coach-athleteparent relationships in both team and individual sports. In the future, it would be useful to translate the PNPTST questionnaire into other foreign languages and use them in other cultures.

Recent decades have seen a growing concern for the prospects of today’s youth. Major problems of young people are related to pervasive destructive and inappropriate behaviour (delinquency, aggression, bullying, drug abuse, etc.) caused by changing social factors (parents work full-time, single-parent families, unattended children at home). Given the fact that the chosen way of self-expression in leisure time has, in addition to other factors, an important effect on personality development, thus, debates on the educational benefits of sports in children have started. There is strong evidence that bigger educational effect can be achieved with the involvement of parents, peers, school, sport clubs, and coaches in children sports activities. The article analyses one of the before mentioned factors: relationship and communication between children and parents, i.e. educational role of their interaction in children sports activities. The aim of the article is to reveal the characteristics of educational parents-children interaction in sport activities. The following research methods were applied: analysis of scientific literature and generalization methods to disclose the characteristics of educational parents-children interaction in sport activities. The analysis of scientific literature has revealed the significance of parents’ role in motivating their children to participate in sports. Parents can have both positive and negative effect on children sport activities. The effectiveness of children sport activities depends on educational methods used to develop child skills and abilities: interest stimulation, pressure or psychological influence. Too strict requirements of parents to achieve high results may negatively affect children’s motivation to participate in sports. A child’s progress in particular sport is often related to the realization of parents’ personal goals and seen as respectability. The level, degree and continuation of child’s participation in sports depend on parents’ material and psychological support, physical and emotional well-being of the child. Open and fair communication and support, respect for achieved results can ensure positive emotional development of the child and his or her motivation to participate in sports. Children’s motivation to participate in sports is related not only to parents’ wish to control the child’s leisure time and educate desired social skills and values but also to additional obligations. Children’s participation in sports also changes the behaviour of parents; interest in sports creates positive emotions and builds stronger relations between parents and children. Supportive participation of parents in children’s sports activities changes parents’ awareness and attitude to the quality of leisure time as well as lifestyle. Although recently researchers have given considerable attention to parents of children participating in sports, there are only few studies of this kind in Lithuania. Such studies are important for the development of educational programs and positive interaction between children, participating in sports, and their parents. Besides, the analysis of literature sources has revealed that most of the studies are cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies are important for the evaluation of the change in children and parents relationships.

Jaunasis sportininkas, tėvai, treneris – tai trys pagrindiniai elementai, atliekantys svarbiausią vaidmenį ugdomajame sportinės veiklos sąveikos procese. Tėvai, vaikai ir treneriai, motyvuotai dalyvaudami vaikų sportinėje veikloje, sudaro veiksmingą edukacinę sistemą. Šią sistemą galima apibūdinti kaip tęstinį visų trijų sistemos dalyvių palankios sąveikos procesą. Tačiau paskutinių metų tyrimai rodo, kad tokia trimatė edukacinė sistema nepakankamai plėtojama, nepakankamai pozityvi, ji gali būti efektyvesnė, jei bus naudojami tam tikri socialiniai įrankiai. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip ši sistema veikia, koks yra vaikų, trenerių ir tėvų bendravimo, t. y. jų sąveikos, ugdomasis vaidmuo vaikų sportinėje veikloje. Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti vaikų, trenerių ir tėvų ugdomosios sąveikos sportinėje veikloje ypatumus. Taikyti mokslinės literatūros analizės ir apibendrinimo metodai. Mokslinės literatūros analizė atskleidė visų trijų sistemos narių dalyvavimo svarbą. Tėvų vaidmenį pasirenkant edukacinius metodus, kuriais siekiama ugdyti vaiko gebėjimus. Tėvų domėjimasis vaikų sportu skatina teigiamas emocijas, geresnius santykius su vaikais, poreikį gilinti žinias apie sportą ir vaikų ugdymą bei keičia tėvų suvokimą apie laisvalaikio praleidimo kokybę, keičia jų gyvenimo būdą. Trenerių vaidmuo išryškėja per galimybę paskatinti tėvų ir vaikų sąveiką sporte, pakeisti ne tik vaikų, bet ir tėvų supratimą apie sporto auklėjamąją reikšmę. Atlikdamas moderatoriaus, tarpininko, konsultanto vaidmenį, treneris gali padėti formuoti naujas vaikų auklėjimo šeimoje tradicijas, grindžiamas trenerio ir tėvų abipuse pagarba, savitarpio supratimu ir bendradarbiavimu, siekiu dalytis atsakomybe už vaikų ugdymą. Nuo tėvų materialinės ir psichologinės paramos, fizinės ir emocinės vaiko gerovės užtikrinimo, trenerio pozityvios ugdymo strategijos, kompetencijos, autoriteto priklauso vaiko dalyvavimo sportinėje veikloje lygis, laipsnis ir tęstinumas. Taigi, nagrinėjama sistema gali būti apibūdinta kaip sportinis trikampis, trys vienas kitą veikiantys elementai – vaikai, tėvai ir treneriai. Užtikrinti teigiamą vaiko emocinę raidą ir norą sportuoti galima tik esant atviram, sąžiningam visų trijų šalių bendradarbiavimui. Nors globaliame kontekste mokslininkų dėmesys sportuojančių vaikų tėvų ir trenerių vaidmeniui pastaraisiais metais sulaukia nemažo dėmesio, tokie tyrimai aktualūs siekiant kurti edukacines programas ir metodikas, skatinančias efektyvesnę sportuojančių vaikų, trenerių ir tėvų sąveiką. Kadangi mokslinių šaltinių analizė atskleidė vyraujantį trumpalaikių tyrimų pobūdį, todėl lieka aktualūs įvairiapusiai, ilgalaikiai tyrimai, susiję su vaikų, trenerių ir tėvų tarpusavio santykių kaitos sporto aplinkoje vertinimu.

Phenomenological analysis revealed the importance of the coaches’ – as a sport educators – sport psychologists – sport professional specialist’s role in encouraging parent–child interaction in youth sport. In order to create a positive motivational environment for young athletes there is a need of a positive training and education strategy used by the coach, the coach’s ability to create parental interest in the child’s sport, to build and maintain positive relationships between sport participants, solve ethical and social problems arising in the sporting environment. The effectiveness of the coach’s influence on parent–child interaction in the sporting environment largely depends on the coach’s basic professional skills and intrapersonal competencies acquired in higher sport education institutions, through growing work experience and various professional development programmes.

Sport plays an important role in the lives of many children. Sport is important not only for the athletes themselves, but also includes other important participants: parents, coaches, referees, teammates. However, in the current period more attention is being paid to children’s sports activities and the influence of parents on the education of young athletes. There is a tendency to note that parental involvement in children’s sports can be diverse. As the researchers highlight, it is important for parents to understand that they should show the young athlete as many as possible ways, to introduce to different sports so that the young athlete later could find himself/ herself, to enjoy sport and to have positive experiences. However, resent research shows that parents’ desire to see their offspring succeeding, and parents often forget what really matters in children’s sport. Therefore, the role of parents in motivating adolescent basketball players in sports is the object of this research. The tasks of the study is to reveal the importance of parents’ (mothers and fathers separately) role in motivating basketball players (15–18 years of age), regarding of the athletes age; and to reveal the importance of parents’ (mothers and fathers separately) role of motivating basketball players regarding athletes experience in their career. The following research methods are used: Analysis of the scientific literature; Quantitative study: Questionnaire; Mathematical statistics methods. Basketball players of two basketball schools (n = 75) participated in the questionnaire survey. The results of this study have demonstrated that mother’s and father’s role is important in both age groups (15–16 years old and 17–18 years old). In autonomy support range (scale) mother’s role is stronger and more important for younger players than in group of 17–18 years old athletes.[...]