Studentų psichikos sveikatos tyrimų ir besiformuojančių patologinių būklių koregavimo metodų kūrimo aktualumą pirmiausia lemia streso veiksniai, esantys studentų aplinkoje. Iš jų pažymėtini egzaminų situacijos, socialinės adaptacijos laikotarpiai, apsisprendimas renkantis būsimą profesinę veiklą, kuriuos papildo socialinė įtampa pasaulyje ir blogėjanti ekologinė aplinka. Deja, laiku nesuteikiama pagalba gali neigiamai veikti jaunosios kartos fizinę sveikatą ir gyvenimo kokybę, todėl reikia papildomų priemonių universiteto studentų psichoemocinei būklei išsaugoti. Yra žinoma, kad Europos ir Amerikos šalių kultūroje, siekiant išvengti ar ištaisyti šios būklės pažeidimus, mentalinės rytietiškos praktikos, tokios kaip Tibeto budizmo meditacijos, neurobiologija, antistresas, jau seniai yra taikomos atsižvelgiant į sociokultūrines žmonių vertybes. Kadangi psichikos reiškinių tyrimas turi būti vertinamas taip pat, kaip ir bet kuris kitas mokslas, įrodymais pagrįsta pedagoginė ir medicininė- biologinė įtaka gali būti pagrįstai naudojama. Tačiau mintis, kad tokia praktika gali būti papildyta priemonėmis, pagrįstomis šiuolaikinės farmakologijos pasiekimais ir mitybos bei medžiagų apykaitos palaikymu, mokslo darbuose dar niekada nebuvo aptarta. Todėl straipsnio autoriai iškėlė tikslą pagrįsti ir eksperimento būdu išbandyti kombinuotos meditacinėsfarmakologinės metodikos veiksmingumą emocinio streso apraiškoms švelninti aukštųjų mokyklų studentams džiudžitsu kovos menų pratybų metu. Darbe analizuojama šiuolaikinė mokslinė ir mokslinė-metodinė literatūra, nagrinėjami studentų psichinę sveikatą lemiantys veiksniai, ypač psichoemocinio streso apraiškų padariniai studijuojant aukštosiose mokyklose. Įrodyta neigiama šio reiškinio įtaka funkcinei organizmo sistemų būklei, blogėjančiai sveikatai ir gyvenimo kokybei. Darbe atskleista meditacinių metodų panaudojimo galimybė mažinant streso apraiškų sunkumą. Autoriai pirmą kartą, siekdami sumažinti streso poveikį, studentų džiudžitsu treniruočių procese naudojo tradicinį kovos menuose taikomą meditacijos derinį, skirtą emocinės įtampos apraiškoms mažinti, papildydami jį specialiu neuroprotekciniu maisto papildu „Acetil-L-karnitinas“. Yra žinoma, kad psichoemocinio nestabilumo sunkumui sumažinti studentai naudoja priemones, kurios ne tik neatitinka psichikos sveikatos prevencijos, bet netgi dažnai turi jai neigiamą poveikį (nikotinas, alkoholis, narkotikai, fizinė ir psichinė perkrova ir kt.). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad meditacinės technikos naudojimas šiuo tikslu kartu su specialiais neuroprotekciniais agentais iš esmės išsprendžia studentų sportininkų psichoemocinio streso apraiškų sunkumo mažinimo klausimą, kartu gerinant jų sveikatą.

Based on the analysis of modern literature data, an algorithm was formed for the diagnosis and correction of iron deficiency states in sports in general and in the dynamics of the real training process of qualified representatives of Olympic sports, in particular, for further evaluation of the effectiveness of the innovative liposomal form of bivalent iron. To achieve the goal, we used the analysis data and synthesis of research results available in the modern scientific literature on the issue under study, as well as conducting research on assessing the safety and effectiveness of the liposomal form of bivalent iron in the dynamics of the training process of athletes. The article presents modern algorithms for the diagnosis of anemias, in particular iron deficiency anemia and latent iron deficiency, presents their laboratory and clinical manifestations, and postulates a negative impact on the effectiveness of the competitive process. The frequency of occurrence of iron deficiency states in the population of Ukrainian athletes has been analyzed and it has been shown that these data correspond to world trends. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 67 athletes, a detailed analysis of the effect of the course use (30 days) of a modern special food supplement “Santeferra” based on ferrous pyrophosphate in liposomal form on indicators of hematological homeostasis and indicators of content, metabolism and transport of iron in representatives of cyclic sports in the dynamics of the training process. Positive shifts in the indicators of the erythrocyte link were found in athletes with a predominantly aerobic mechanism of energy supply, which has a beneficial effect on the oxygen transport function of the blood and, accordingly, on the effectiveness of training and competitive activities of representatives of cyclic sports. Thus, the relatively high frequency of occurrence of iron deficiency states in cyclic sports, especially among female athletes, necessitates serial screening studies and not only therapeutic, but also preventive measures aimed at preventing a decrease in the iron content in the body.

The article notes that the development of oxidative stress and the violation of cellular energy balance is the primary link of the vast majority of systemically-forming homeostatic shifts in the athlete’s body and changes the vital structure and function of cellular and subcellular proteins membrane. Changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of lipid components of membranes, inhibition of the activity of key glycolysis enzymes, as well as the deterioration of bioenergy mechanisms, result from the accumulation of free radicals due to activation of lipid peroxidation. The protection of the organelles responsible for energy supply from oxidative effects is provided by mitochondrial disconnecting proteins that exist in the myocardium. The development of metabolic ischemia due to the imbalance between the delivery of oxygen to cardiomyocytes and their need for myocardium is accompanied firstly by the inhibition of the process of oxidation of glucose and an increase in the use of fatty acids, and then the accumulation of lactate with the development of acidosis of the intracellular environment and the impairment of the ability of myocytes and cardiomyocytes to relaxtion and contraction. It has been established that strenuous muscle activity leads to the formation of a hypoxic state with its characteristic redistribution and increase of energy, metabolic, structural resources of the body in the interests of the tissue where adaptive adjustments are taking place. The insufficiency of energy generation due to the development of this state leads to the dysfunction of the mitochondrial apparatus, which subsequently causes the violation of the energy supply, antioxidant protection, membrane stability due to intensification of lipid peroxidation and leads to cell apoptosis. This forms a background for the occurrence of fatigue and tension, followed by reduction of physical performance of athletes. The detection of the above changes makes it possible to prevent and correct in a timely manner the negative effects of oxidative stress associated with ultra-intensive physical loads.

During high-intensity exercise, many biochemical reactions and physiological processes take place in the body of athletes, which can lead to hyperbilirubinemia. Therefore, specialists in medicine, biochemistry and sports are constantly looking for laboratory markers that can accurately reflect the metabolic changes that occur due to exercise in various systems, organs and tissues of the body. One such factor that determines an athlete’s functions, his state of health, and his quality of life is the link between bilirubin metabolism in the body. Bilirubin (latbilium – pigment, ruber – red) is a pigment of liver and bile activity formed by the breakdown of erythrocytes, myoglobin. The literature indicates that bilirubin levels increase in the blood during highintensity exercise. Factors contributing to this phenomenon include muscle microtrauma syndrome, erythrocyte hemolysis, functional anemia, exacerbating acidosis, and protein deficiency. Increasing blood acidity during exercise reduces binding to albumin and this promotes an increase in bilirubin IX-alpha, which has toxic effects. The degree of expression of these signs, in turn, depends on the athlete’s body’s adaptation to the level of physical activity. One way to reduce hyperbiliribinaemia to help maintain physical function is to use substances that maintain liver function. Immunomodulatory agents, substances that promote the transport of oxygen to the muscles, maintain the condition of erythrocyte membranes, might be of use. Although the effects of food supplements on the human body are widely studied, there is still insufficient research to confirm the effectiveness of each food supplement. Very few such studies have been performed with high performance athletes, whose metabolism varies greatly during strenuous exercise.[...]

Straipsnyje apžvelgiama natūralių antioksidantų metabolizmą skatinanti veikla sportuojant oksidacinio streso sąlygomis. Nustatyta, kad oksidacinį stresą, vieną pagrindinių veiksnių, trukdančių pasiekti gerų sportinių rezultatų, galima valdyti parenkant tinkamus fizinius krūvius. Nurodyti natūralių antioksidantų – ceruloplazmino, omega‑3 polinesočiųjų riebalų rūgščių ir probiotinių produktų, fizinės veiklos skatinimo komponentų, veiklos mechanizmai. Paaiškėjo, kad be tiesioginio antioksidacinio efekto, ergogeninis veiksmas pasižymi membraną tausojančiomis, detoksinėmis, imuninę ir širdies kraujagyslių sistemą apsaugančiomis savybėmis. Buvo nustatyta, kad pateikti veiksniai, dalyvaujantys metabolinių procesų susidaryme fizinės veiklos metu ir turintys antioksidacinį poveikį organizmui, gali būti susiję su daugybe kitų homeostazės pokyčių organizme, pradedant ATF išeikvojimu ląstelėse bei katecholaminų kaupimu ir baigiant mitochondrijų biogenezė. [...]

Physical exercise-induced bronchial asthma is a disease, which is one of the reasons for the removal of athletes from training and sports. At the same time, if treatment is adequate, athletes can attain high results. The algorithm of physical exercise-induced asthma diagnostics should include, in addition to the purely medical standard examination, the testing under conditions of loads modelling and in the course of natural training process for the estimation of variations in the peak rate of expiration. The prophylaxis of bronchoconstriction attacks under physical loads in athletes with this disease must be based on their teaching: keeping a diet, obligatory intense warm-up load, and use of pharmacological drugs, including those with the metabolitotropic, immunomodulative, and energotonic actions. When having physical exercise-induced asthma, the therapeutic approach must obligatorily be considered that a significant part of bronchodilators is referred to the substances forbidden in sport and will be built on this basis. At present, there exist the targeted methodologies of prophylaxis and treatment of this disease in athletes with the use of allowed medicinal agents such as antileucotrienes. They are permitted for the application to young and adult athletes and give a high therapeutic effect with insignificant number of side phenomena.

At present time, the rational search for a protection of cardiovascular system of athletes and the assessment of such protection efficiency are the very important problems in sports pharmacology and sports cardiology. It is worth noting that athletic training pharmacology, aimed at the stimulation of physical workability in the majority of sports events, can become, together with overloads, the principal reason for a deterioration of health and life’s quality as well as for the sudden death of athletes without a proper cardioprotection. The problem of protection is significantly complicated under modern conditions due to the permanent hardening of anti-doping sanctions (e.g., the recent ban on the use of trimetazidine and meldonium) that essentially limit the possibilities for sports cardiologists. Therefore, the most grounded exit, from the current position, is the use of metabolitotropic medications, in particular, those on the basis of L-carnitine (gamma-butyrobetaine). The wide spectrum of physiologic and biochemical influence of this substance on organism gives possibility to moderately affect the physical and mental workability of athletes even under the conditions of long-term intense physical loads. The complex action of pharmacological agents on the basis of L-carnitine on organism allows one to use it on all stages of the preparation with high efficiency of the cardioprotective and ergogenic effects. Despite the bans of WADA, sports cardiologist possesses a sufficient pool of pharmacological agents that can ensure the protection of myocardium under conditions of training process and competition and can preserve athlete’s health as well as his/her physical workability.

Both specific and nonspecific metabolic transformations, occurring in the body of athlete under intensive and prolonged physical loads, have been characterized in the review paper. It has been emphasized that oxidative stress, which belongs to general pathogenic factors of further myocardium pathology formation, and load induced hypoxia, which is later associated with tissue hypoxia of metabolic origin, represent the initial link of subsequent homeostatic balance changes. Changes in the activity of creatine phosphokinase-MB fraction, content of cardiac troponins I and T as well as terminal natriuretic peptides are referred to specific markers of myocardium strain. Wider range of myocardium strain nonspecific markers includes both alterations of lipid metabolism and numerous, oxidative stress mediated, metabolic changes at the level of cellular and subcellular membranes of cardiomyocytes, followed by changes in the activity of membrane-bound enzymes and lysosomal proteinase ejection first into extracellular matrix and then – into circulatory bed as well as erythrocyte membranes and their ATP content that are accompanied by deterioration of blood oxygen transport function. The above mentioned negatively influences myocardial contractility and leads to the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Identification of the markers of athlete heart strain allows timely to be corrected by pharmacological means, aimed at normalization of metabolic disorders and prevention of myocardial hypertrophy, which is the major cause of sudden coronary death among athletes.

The article presents comparative data of complex functional state examining of 24 highly skilled female athletes who were engaged in 100 to 400 m running at a young age. 12 females (group I) have been continuing active physical exercise training after withdrawal from competitive sport. Comparison group (group II) included 12 females who have been conducting a sedentary lifestyle after withdrawal from competitive running. The two main groups were compared considering the level of sport skills. 12 females never engaged in any sports training with insufficient level of motor activity formed the control group.

Mathematical methods for analysis of cardiac rhythm variability were used to analyse cardiac activity vegetative regulation. Major parameters of central hemodynamics were studied by the method of automated tetrapolar rheography, followed by determination of stroke volume, cardiac output, stroke volume index, cardiac index, and peripheral resistance. [...]