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Ar gali privatūs detektyvai teisėtai atlikti teisėsaugos pareigūnų funkcijas
Sergejenka, Jonas |
GALIMYBĖS. Veikdami kaip paprasti visuomenės nariai, privatūs detektyvai neturi daugiau galių, nei kiti privatūs asmenys. Tačiau visuomenėje teisėtvarkos užtikrinimas nėra sukoncentruotas vien tik valstybės rankose, o yra paskirstytas įvairiems jos nariams ir struktūroms. Sferos, kurių kontrolę valstybė palieka pačių individų diskrecijai, paprastai apima civilinės ar komercinės teisės ribas. Tačiau, valstybė galbūt dėl ribotų savo pajėgumų, jau užleidžia savo anksčiau laikytas monopolines funkcijas ir viešosios teisės sferoje. “Pilietinė pareiga”, skatinanti privatiems subjektams patiems tapti teisės taikytojais (sulaikant asmenis nusikaltimo vietoje), yra galbūt seniausiai gyvaujanti privataus subjekto tiesioginio dalyvavimo bendrame visuomenės teisėtvarkos palaikymo procese forma. Lietuvoje gana neseniai atsiradusi ir dar viena – pareiga nukentėjusiajam pačiam tapti kaltintoju privataus kaltinimo baudžiamosiose bylose. PAVOJAI. Jeigu privačių detektyvų veikla nėra valstybėje tinkamai reglamentuota ir sunorminta, galimai kyla grėsmės visos jos visuomenės nariams. Privatūs detektyvai, turėdami tik tiek teisių, kiek turi ir kiti privatūs visuomenės nariai, gali pažeisti įvairias asmenų teises, kadangi pagrindinis privačių tyrėjų darbo įrankis yra informacija, o pastarosios prieinamumo apribojimas daro didelę įtaką jų veiklos efektyvumui. Jeigu nėra nubrėžtų aiškių privatumo apsaugos ir detektyvų veiklos ribų valstybės valdymo sistemoje, tai kartais tų ribų pažeidimai gali būti sąlygoti ir ne iš blogos valios, o tiesiog dėl kompetencijos stokos. SPRENDIMAI. Tinkamas detektyvinės veiklos licencijavimas leidžia valstybei kontroliuoti ir įtakoti privačių struktūrų veiklą. Tolimesnis teisės privatizavimas, integruojant privačias teisėsaugos struktūras į viešąsias, gali būti tinkamu sprendimu, ieškant optimaliausio sprendimo palaikyti tinkamą teisėtvarkos lygį visuomenėje ir ateityje. IŠVADA. Tinkamai reglamentavus privataus teisėsaugos sektoriaus veiklą, privatūs detektyvai gali teisėtai atlikti teisėsaugos pareigūnų funkcijas. Visuomenei vystantis iš informacinės visuomenės eros į naują (privatumo?) erą, mišri-hibridinė teisėsaugos forma galėtų būti tinkamas sprendimas, siekiant palaikyti reikiamą valstybės teisėtvarkos lygį.
THE BENEFITS. Private detectives, while working (under licenses, or under another type of business) for their clients, have a big impact on the whole business market. Contrary to the wide-spread belief, that private investigators most of the time just keep running after the infidel husbands of the poor housewives, the real input is made in the different businesses. One of the largest markets for their services is the insurance fraud detection. Along to that, private investigators also help finding lost people, secure the criminal or civil cases assisting the lawyers to find and interview witnesses, conduct various investigations for the corporations, and much more. But during all those tasks, private investigators not only help their clients in their needs, but they provide to the whole increase in public safety. For instance, one the function of the public police is to carry out the prevention of new crimes. Another function is to investigate the committed crimes. The preventive law enforcement function is usually put with the public police forces, but in most of the countries throughout the world there’s a lawful possibility for any private members of the society to hold any suspect, who is leaving the scene of a crime. It is so called a “citizen’s arrest” right. Since private investigators are just as normal citizens, having no more rights as any other private member of the society, but having no less rights or duties as well, they can also use this enforcement right to catch any suspect that is escaping the crime scene. That’s another one of the ways, when private investigators help not just themselves and their clients, but contribute to the public safety and public order. THE THREATS. Since the main tool of the private detective is the information, then the access to it is vital. Nonetheless, if the state system doesn’t accordingly control the ways private investigators work, there’s always a threat to the society and human rights. Private detectives, while gathering the necessary information, are not only tempted to overstep the un-drawn line (in case the line, distinguishing what is good and what is bad, was not drawn properly by the laws), but sometimes they might just feel they are not doing anything wrong. Trespassing, harassment, assault, interference with persons privacy and other fundamental human rights – all those can lead both to the problems of the private investigator, but more importantly – the decrease in overall safety of the society. THE SOLUTIONS. The first level solution would be: training through licensing requirements, control, etc. But what about the future changes of society? The process of human socialization in the current unstable world, fast evolution of new powers within society, new types of technologies – all those factors are directly influencing the dynamic variation of the human needs. With new technologies arise the needs to even more hide the sensitive information you don’t want others to find out. On the other hand, you still need the help from private investigator (to seek your debtors). The analysis of the influence of recent restrictions within some countries on the access to the personal data has shown the noticeable decrease of the possibilities of the private investigators to keep up doing their job. No more access to the data on thieves from the local police? No need then for insurance companies to hire the detective for possible fraud detection. Since the outcome of the case is likely to be negative, then no need to spend money on a useless investigation. Here then comes the need for new ways of co-operation between state and private police powers, the privatization of the law. The possible incorporation, intermixing of both public and private investigator powers, would create some type of hybrid policing system within the state. On one hand, public police could use more influence in training and supporting of the private investigators, sharing the experience, could also give the wider (but strictly controlled) access to the databases (in order private detectives still could fulfill their primary job functions), on the other hand, the private detectives in exchange could just do some partly jobs for the sake of the whole society and public safety (like, seek some suspects, help with survey operations, share the knowledge, and so on). Both the state and the people would only benefit of this kind of hybrid policing. The new way to keep up with the need of the society at whole. CONCLUSION. The fulfilled historical, systematical, comparative and descriptive analysis of the acquired material, shows, that if the appropriate laws are enacted, private investigators can lawfully carry out some of the functions of the law enforcement officers. Even more, the examination of the past and prediction of the future shows, that a new form of policing – a hybrid policing – is inevitable for any society, which steps further into the Informational Era and beyond, a new order, when the elite members of the society pays to upkeep the public order. The Privacy Era?