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Ar išlieka bankrutavusio fizinio asmens atsakomybė po bankroto bylos pabaigos?
Čekaitytė, Ineta |
Fizinio asmens bankroto bei jo pasekmių tema yra aktuali šių dienų moksliniame bei praktiniame lygmenyje, kadangi tai palyginti naujas teisinis institutas Lietuvoje. 2012 gegužės 10 d. buvo priimtas Lietuvos Respublikos fizinių asmenų bankroto įstatymas (toliau darbe – LR FABĮ). Fiziniams asmenims pradedant skolintis daugiau nei jie sugeba grąžinti kyla visai visuomenei itin aktualios ir jautrios problemos, t.y. fizinio asmens nemokumo problemos. Lietuvoje fizinio asmens nemokumo problemos pradėtos spręsti 2012 metais priėmus Fizinių asmenų bankroto įstatymą, kuris įtvirtino tik vieną fizinio asmens mokumo atkūrimo būdą – bankrotą. Išanalizavus bankrutuojančio fizinio asmens atsakomybės ypatumus bankroto proceso metu, prieita išvados, kad fizinio asmens atsakomybė bankroto procese siejama su vienu labiausiai akcentuojamu principu Lietuvoje – skolininko sąžiningumu. Tai yra būtent skolininko sąžiningumas yra tikrinamas vos skolininkui pateikus prašymą dėl bankroto bylos iškėlimo ir viso proceso metu. Didžiausia atsakomybė bankrutuoti siekiančiam asmeniui bankroto metu – tai tinkami ir įstatymų nepažeidžiantys veiksmai, pareigos, kurias asmuo privalo įgyvendinti LR FABĮ reglamentuotuose normose. Pagal Lietuvoje pasirinktą fizinio asmens nemokumo teisinio reglamentavimo modelį fiziniam asmeniui numatyta pareiga sąžiningai vykdyti Plane numatytus mokėjimus, disponavimą visu savo asmeniniu turtu patikėti bankroto administratoriui. Pasibaigus bankroto procesui, fiziniam bankrutavusiam asmeniui, kyla tam tikros teisinės pasekmės (apribojamos kreditavimo galimybės tam tikrą laiką ir pan.), bankrutavusiam asmeniui kyla pareiga saugoti dokumentus; asmeniui, kuris buvo nesąžiningas ir šis faktas yra patvirtintas, užsienio šalyse gali būti ribojamas asmens elgesys nustatytam laikotarpiui (darbe minėtas Anglijos pvz.). LR FABĮ įstatyme nereglamentuojama situacija, kaip galėtų būti vertinami ir ar aplamai būtų vertinami naujai paaiškėję duomenys, kad fizinis asmuo bankroto metu buvo nesąžiningas, ar nuslėpė esminę informaciją. Tad galima daryti prielaidą, kad neišbaigtą teisinį reglamentavimą dalinai sureguliuos teismų praktika fizinių asmenų bankroto bylose.
The European Union has only recently gone through its worst economic crisis in its history, the European Council has repeatedly emphasized the Union's role in promoting sustainable economic growth and called for fiscal consolidation. Council Regulation (EC) No. 1346/2000 on insolvency proceedings provides for the possibility of the European Union Member bankruptcy law the legal regulation, when the borrower is not only legal, but also a natural person, a trader or an individual. Particularly acute this problem becomes an economic downturn, when natural persons experiencing major financial difficulties. Individuals bankruptcy law in Republic of Lithuania came into force on March 1, 2013. The purpose of personal bankruptcy law is to restore the solvency of insolvent persons keeping the balance between debtor and creditor interests. That means to restore individual to viable economic market while protecting their dignity, and encourage repayment of debts to creditors and income legalization. If natural persons begin borrowing more than they afford to repay, this causes sensitive problems particularly relevant to the entire society, i.e. problems of insolvency of a natural person. In Lithuania, solutions of insolvency problems of a natural person began after adopting the Law on Bankruptcy of Natural Persons in 2012 which established only one solvency restoration method of natural persons – the bankruptcy. Natural person bankruptcy and its consequences for the subject is relevant to the present day scientific and practical level, since it is a relatively new legal institute Lithuania. The aim - in accordance with the legislation, case law and doctrine, analyze and expose the natural person bankruptcy liability practical aspects of the case after expiry. Research tasks: 1. Reveal the natural person bankruptcy and bankrupt physical personal responsibility concepts; 2. To analyze what is in bankruptcy physical personal responsibility bankruptcy process; 3. Determine if the person remains bankrupt physical responsibility after the end of the bankruptcy proceedings. Research methods. Work developed scientific and practical judicial literature, logical analysis, teleological, comparative, descriptive methods. The master thesis, using descriptive analysis, comparative and generalization techniques introduced in the bankruptcy of a individual person and the concept of responsibility. The research is based on the legislation governing the insolvency of natural in Lithuania and other countries, specialist literature and statistics of various state institutions. In response to the problem of the topic matter or remain in bankruptcy a natural person's liability after the insolvency proceedings end, it was concluded that the responsibility remains as evidenced by the following statements: • At the end of the bankruptcy process, the physical bankrupt have certain legal consequences (limited lending opportunities for some time and so on.). • At the end of the bankruptcy process, the physical bankrupt there is an obligation to keep records; • At the end of the bankruptcy process, the physical bankrupt, which was unfair and that fact is confirmed, in foreign countries may be limited by the personal conduct of a specified period (such as the work of those in England.). Conclusions. The analysis and disclosure of the natural person bankruptcy and bankrupt physical personal responsibility concepts, it was concluded that bankruptcy can understand as a legal fact, it refers to the person's condition, when it is held that a person is no longer able to fulfill its existing debt obligations. Also bankruptcy may be understood as a set of procedures, which are solved problems that caused personal insolvency. Physical personal bankruptcy case for unlimited civil liability. Bankruptcy physical personal responsibility can be defined as coercive effects of the measure, which applies to a natural person and the bankruptcy occurs and affects certain property consequences of induction. The analysis of the bankrupt physical personal responsibility peculiarities of the bankruptcy process, it was concluded that the responsibility of a natural person bankruptcy process associated with one of the most emphasized in the principle of Lithuania - the debtor's honesty. This is exactly the debtor's honesty is checked only the debtor has applied for bankruptcy, and the whole process. The biggest responsibility of the person seeking to go bankrupt during the bankruptcy - is relevant and do not violate the laws of action, the position for which the person is required to implement the Ministry of Fabius regulatory provisions. According to Lithuania selected individual insolvency legal regulation model natural person the obligation to honor the plan provides for payments to the disposition of all his personal assets entrusted to the trustee. At the end of the bankruptcy process, the physical bankrupt have certain legal consequences (limited lending opportunities for some time and so on.), Physical bankrupt there is an obligation to keep records; the person who was dishonest, and this fact is confirmed in other countries may be limited by the personal conduct of a specified period (such as the work of those in England.). LR Fabius law does not govern the situation, as could be seen, and in general, or to be treated newly discovered information that the individual bankruptcy was fraudulent or concealed material information. So it can be assumed that the incomplete legal regulation partially regulate judicial practice personal bankruptcy cases. Play fair natural person's solvency can be only when the bankrupt's creditors' claims satisfaction guaranteed, without prejudice to the correct debtor and its creditors balance of interests. The unfair behavior of natural persons in the UK may be subject to criminal prosecution. Lithuania, as in other countries, for the improper performance of duties and responsibilities, a natural person may be punished or termination of the bankruptcy proceedings can be released from their debts.