Use this url to cite ETD: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12259/119727
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Ar Tor tinklo naudojimas neprieštarauja viešojo intereso viršenybės principui?
Field of Science
Teisė / Law (S001)
Type of publication
type::text::thesis::master thesis
Title
Ar Tor tinklo naudojimas neprieštarauja viešojo intereso viršenybės principui?
Other Title
Whether the Use of Tor Network Is Contradictory to the Principle of Public Interest Supremacy?
Author
Pocius, Mindaugas |
Advisor
Extent
47 p.
Date Issued
2016-06-02
Abstract
Tor tinklas – tai sluoksninio interneto ryšio pranešimų šifravimo metodu paremta sistema, kuria naudojantis siunčiama ir gaunama informacija išlieka anonimiška. Tor – tai angliškų žodžių The Onion Router akronimas. Tor sistemos vystymasis prasidėjo 1995 m. JAV ir tinklo vartotojų skaičius nuolat ir sparčiai auga. Vien tik nuo 2012 iki 2016 metų asmenų, tiesiogiai prisijungiančių prie Tor skaičius išaugo keturis kartus, apytiksliai nuo 500 tūkst. iki 2 mln. Lietuvoje tiesiogiai prie Tor prisijungiančių kasdienių vartotojų skaičius siekia apie 4 tūkst. Anonimiškumas ir šifravimo sistemų naudojimas pripažįstamas kaip viena iš šiuolaikinių demokratinių pasaulio valstybių garantuojamų žmogaus teisių, o Tor – kibernetinio saugumo specialistų rekomenduotina kaip bene pažangiausia ir geriausiai veikiančia šios teisės užtikrinimo priemone. Šiuo tinklu plačiai naudojamasi represiniais režimais pasižyminčiose valstybėse, kuriose tai tampa įrankiu politiniams disidentams bei kitiems žmogaus teisių aktyvistams skleisti savo idėjas, išvengiant galimo susidorojimo. Teisės pažeidimai iš fizinės erdvės vis dažniau persikelia į kibernetinę erdvę. Tor taip pat sukūrė erdvę nelegaliai tamsiojo tinklo kriptorinkai, kurioje nevaržomai prekiaujama narkotinėmis bei psichotropinėmis medžiagomis, įvairiais ginklais, vogtais daiktais, suklastotais dokumentais, padirbtais pinigais, žmonėmis bei kt.; tamsusis tinklas naudojamas veikoms, susijusioms seksualiniu vaikų išnaudojimu, vaikų pornografija, organizuotu nusikalstamumu bei terorizmu, tai teisinėmis priemonėmis nereguliuojamos visuomenės atspindys. Tor tinklas apsunkina teisėsaugos institucijų užduotis užkardant nusikalstamas veikas elektroninėje erdvėje, o elektroninių ryšių tinklais perduodamos informacijos kontrolė, jos fiksavimas ir kaupimas tampa praktiškai neįmanomu, dėl to būtinas tarptautinis teisėsaugos institucijų bendradarbiavimas, teisėsaugos pareigūnų kvalifikacijos ir kompetencijų kėlimas, įtraukiant informacinių technologijų specialistus bei akademinę bendruomenę. Atlikus mokslinį tyrimą, iškelta hipotezė, kad Tor tinklo naudojimas prieštarauja viešojo intereso viršenybės principui, pasitvirtino iš dalies, kadangi Tor tinklas plačiai naudojamas kaip įrankis nusikalstamoms veikoms vykdyti bei šioms veikoms nuslėpti, tačiau tai vis dar išlieka reikšminga ir reikalinga priemone, kuria užtikrinamos asmenų teisės į privatų gyvenimą, susirašinėjimo slaptumą bei saviraiškos laisvę.
Tor network is Internet communication data encryption method based on the system that sends and receives information which remains anonymous. Tor is the acronym for English words of The Onion Router. Development of the system began in 1995 in the USA. The number of network users is growing rapidly: from 2012 to 2016 number of persons, directly connecting to Tor, has increased from about 500 thousand up to 2 million. In Lithuania the daily number of users, directly connecting to the Tor, is about 4 thousand. Tor is mentioned in such important international events as the Arab Spring, in which the Tunisian government and the Egyptian president were forced to withdraw, the residents expressed their protests in Morocco, Libya and Bahrain; the disclosure of the US authorities carried out mass surveillance of civilians around the world; the terrorist attacks in Paris. After these events, discussions started about the Tor network dangers and possibilities to limit the use of the network. Tor browser provides the ability to connect to the Internet content that is not indexed and to the so-called Darknet that uses end-to-end encryption, which eliminates possibility of censorship, tracking and guarantees users anonymity and protection. Criminal activities are increasingly moving from physical space into cyberspace. Tor Darknet, a virtual currency and cryptography makes it possible to start up and last the so-called cryptomarket, in which narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, stolen items, weapons, credit card data, forged documents, identity cards are traded on, there is also human trafficking, etc. The other Darknet problem is child sexual exploitation and pornography. The Darknet has also a lighter side, as the opportunity to use alternative and a high level of security search engines, data storages, e-mail services, data sharing, chat rooms, social networks, whistleblower forums, news portals. That is especially important and useful for dissidents and human rights activists, journalists, lawyers and other persons, to whom the anonymity and privacy protection is the key to success. The right to private life, freedom of speech and expression, the right to have own opinion and to seek, receive and spread information is recognized and protected by international agreements and national legislation, but Tor is a tool that ensures those freedoms and rights, the implementation may also be used as a preventive measure for potential violations occur. Tor is a network of online communication system, in which encrypted messages help in receiving and sending information, it remains anonymous. In democratic societies anonymity and encryption systems usage is recognized as one of the rights guaranteed, and Tor is recommended by tool cyber security experts as perhaps the most advanced and best functioning tool for protection of these rights. Lithuanian Constitutional Court jurisprudence and the scientific literature reveals different definitions of public interest. Public interest is variable and dynamic, and the courts are given the prerogative to determine the existence of public interest in a particular case, but there is agreement that the public interest is the fundamental social values that are established, protected and defended by the Constitution. The principle of public interest supremacy may be considered as overriding the private interests when it comes to public health, national security, terrorist threats, defense or other fundamentally important cases, however, the use of principle must not breach individual rights or disproportionately restrict their freedoms. One such case is the cyber-security - the principle of public interest supremacy is enshrined in The Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Cyber Security. The obligation of The Republic of Lithuania as the state is to protect society from criminal attempts. Criminal activities are a priori recognized as public-interest violation. The state by the ratification of international agreements has committed itself to protect society against cybercrime, to protect children from sexual abuse and other criminal acts, as in these case the interests of not only victims, but also of the entire society are violated. Tor network complicates the task of law enforcement authorities in preventing criminal activities in cyberspace and electronic communications networks because the control of the information they capture and its accumulation becomes practically impossible. However, the laws of the Republic of Lithuania provide alternative issues related to a possible criminal offense, collection techniques, such as check verification, tracking, criminal simulation, etc., which can be highly effective in the investigation of criminal offenses related to the Tor network and Darknet. Success of international operation Onymous shows that the criminal investigations in the anonymous network requires international cooperation of law enforcement agencies. Law officials are required to raise their qualification and competences, to cooperate with information technology specialists and the academic community. In this scientific study, the hypothesis that the use of Tor network is contradictory to principle of public interest supremacy was raised. It has proven partly because the Tor network is widely used as a tool for criminal activities, and to cover up these offenses, but it still remains an important and necessary tool to protect the rights of privacy, confidentiality of communication and freedom of expression.
Language
Lietuvių / Lithuanian (lt)
Defended
Taip / Yes
Access Rights
Atviroji prieiga / Open Access