Age, gender, and behavioral determinants of body mass index (BMI): insights into physical activity, overeating, and emotional health

Abstract

<p>Aim of the study: To examine BMI variation among adults aged 18–64, focusing on physical activity structure (sedentary behavior, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity), sleep duration, emotional intelligence, perceived stress, depression, eating habits, residence (urban/rural), and harmful behaviors (smoking, alcohol). </p> Methods: Sample: 8 759 participants from Lithuania (6 400 women and 2 359 men).</p> Results: Primary predictors of body mass index (BMI) are age, gender, vigorous physical activity (VPA), overeating, sleep duration, and breakfast consumption. VPA and overeating emerged as the strongest behavioral determinants of BMI, especially with increasing age. The most significant BMI increases occurred in men aged 25–35 and women aged 45–55. In women, BMI was directly associated with perceived stress, but this was not observed in men. Emotional intelligence increases with age, while stress and depression decrease across age groups. Women engaged more in light physical activity, and men in vigorous intensity activities. A decline in MVPA and an increase in sedentary behavior were observed between the ages of 25–45. A notable increase in alcohol consumption occurred among men between the ages of 18 and 45. </p> Conclusions: BMI trajectories are closely linked to changes in physical activity and behavioral patterns. Targeted, age- and gender-specific interventions are needed, emphasizing vigorous physical activity, healthy eating behavior, and mental well-being. Future research should explore longitudinal and causal mechanisms underlying these associations. </p>