Danytė, Milda-Julija

Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe apžvelgiamos vertimo problemos, kylančios verčiant Terio Pračeto maginės fantastikos (angl. Fantasy) žanro romanus A Hat Full of Sky (2004) ir Small Gods (1992) į lietuvių kalbą. Dėmesys skiriamas Danguolės Žalytės Skrybėlė, pilna dangaus (2011) ir Mindaugo Strockio Mažieji dievai (2011) vertimų komparatyvistinei analizei. Į lietuvių kalbą išverstos tik devynios Pračeto knygos. Iš viso Pračetas parašė 41-ą romaną, kuriuos sieja autoriaus sukurta Plokščiojo pasaulio visata. Autoriaus stilius kupinas žodžių žaismo, humoro bei ironijos, todėl tyrime apžvelgiamos pagrindinės vertimo problemos susijusios su konotacinėmis žodžių reikšmėmis veikėjų bei vietovardžių pavadinimuose, kreipiniuose bei dialekto atvejuose. Teorinė darbo dalyje apžvelgiamos teorijos susijusios su humoru bei konotacijomis, kurios kelia iššūkių versti grožinę literatūrą. Ypač vertėjams sunkumų kelia konotacijų kupini veikėjų vardai, vietovardžiai, kreipiniai bei dialekto išsireiškimai. Todėl apžvelgiamos Lawrence‘o Venuti foreignization ir domestication, Eugene Nida equivalenence bei vertimo strategijų teorijos. Tiriamojo darbo dalyje pateikiami ir analizuojami veikėjų vardų, vietovardžių, kreipinių bei dialekto atvejų pavyzdžiai norint įvertinti kokiu mastu žodžiai išlaiko savo konotacines reikšmes vertimo procese.

The goal of this thesis is to analyze Emma Donoghue’s novel The Pull of the Stars as historical fiction. This paper focuses on the protagonist of this novel, Nurse Julia Power, who works in a flu-ridden aternity ward, where she faces new difficult challenges every day. The novel is set in Ireland, in a maternity ward in 1918, at the time of three major historical events: the national movement, the First World War and the influenza pandemic. The story's narrator, Nurse Julie Power, at the beginning of the novel, is seen going to work and she describes everything she sees: the people, and the chaos in Dublin at that time caused by the historical events. At the maternity ward she sees her patients, the pregnant women who also have the mostly fatal flu, she describes their conditions, symptoms, and the way the women are taken care of. Further on in the novel, Julia experiences important changes in her life. The paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, where the main points are introduced. Chapter 2 presents the historical context of Ireland and is further divided into three sections, describing each event separately. Chapter 3 contains the definitions and characteristics of historical fiction. The fourth chapter begins the theoretical part of the work and analyses the novel as historical fiction. Chapter 4 is further divided into five sections that analyze the novel from different aspects, the last section is further divided into two subsections. Chapter 5 is the conclusion, followed by a list of works cited. The main sources used in this bachelor’s thesis include the works of J. A. Cuddon; Adam Augustyn; Chris Baldick; Supryia M. Ray and Ross C. Murfin; Somnath Sarkar, who provide characteristics and definitions of historical fiction. Other commonly used sources include the University of Delaware, the National Army Museum, the State Library of Victoria, Encyclopedia Britannica and Irish history.

This BA thesis analyses Black British women’s narratives in Bernardine Evaristo’s novel Girl, Woman, Other (2019). Bernardine Evaristo (b. in 1959) is a daughter of an English mother and a Nigerian father. She is a drama student, who helped found the Theatre of Black Women. She has written in many genres, but it was only in 2019 that she won the Booker Prize. The analysis in this thesis uses the theory of intersectional feminism, created by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw in 1989. Crenshaw refers to this term as “the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage” (Crenshaw in Perlman, 2018). Earlier feminism, now called “White feminism” looked mostly at White middle class women; intersectionality includes women minorities. In her novel, Evaristo analyses Black women to show how gender, race, class and economic status interlap for them. The novel describes the lives of 11 fictional women and 1 non-binary. Section 2 gives information about Black people in Britain. It begins with historical facts and focuses on 2 social studies about their feelings in Britain. Section 3 presents intersectionality, based on specialists like Johanna Bond, Katy Steinmetz, Ginny Sharkey, and Taylor Hawk. Section 4 presents critical reactions to the novel. Section 5 looks more closely at some of Evaristo’s characters: Amma, Yazz, Carole, Bummi, and Shirley. Conclusions are given in Section 5, followed by a list of Works Cited.

This goal of this thesis is to analyse two crime novels: Benjamin Black’s Elegy for April and Stuart MacBride’s Cold Granite as representatives two different sub-genres of crime fiction: Elegy for Aprilas contemporary version of Golden Age crime novel; and Cold Granite as a police procedural crimenovel. The analysis includes concepts of social topography, such as different structuring forces which shape the social landscape of both novels. Even though these crime novels are written in recent years, the settings in both novels are various, the story in Elegy for April is set in the 1950’s, and in Cold Granite is set about 2005. Each of the novels is analysed separately. Elegy for April is set in Dublin, the capital of the Republic of Ireland, and tells the story about the disappearance of the daughter of the influential Latimer family. During the investigation, Phoebe, the friend of the missing young woman, and her father Dr. Quirke reveal the dark side of the Latimers. The second novel, Cold Granite, written by Stuart MacBride, takes place in Aberdeen, Scotland. The novel is centred around a serial child killer. The protagonist, Detective Sergeant Logan McRae, is involved in the investigation, as well as his colleagues in the police. In the conclusion chapter it is said that both novels are rich in details and include many realistic details which existed at the period, or still exists, such as street names, geographic toponyms, products and other goods which characters in two novels consume. This BA thesis has six chapters, each of them provides important information for the analysis. Chapter 1 is introducing the thesis; chapter 2 provides concepts in the theory of social topography; chapter 3 provides theoretical information about crime fiction, and subgenres of the two novels presented in this thesis: contemporary version of Golden Age crime novel and police procedural novel Chapter 4 provides background information about two cities: Dublin and Aberdeen. Chapter 5 applies concepts in the theory of social topography for the analysis of two novels. In the chapter 6 the conclusion for the thesis is provided. In this thesis were used works of Milda Danyte, Peter Messent, Stephen Knight, Zach Richter, Cecilia Ridgeway, Joseph Berger.

This MA thesis analyses Emma Donoghue’s historical novel The Wonder (2016), and its translation into Lithuanian Stebuklas (2018) by Gabrielė Gailiūtė-Bernotienė. This analysis focuses both on the novel’s historical and cultural contexts, as well as its translation into Lithuanian. The thesis provides theoretical information on the genre of historical fiction, beginning withGeorg Lukasc’s (1962) and drawing other ideas by J. A. Cuddon (1992), and Avrom Fleishman (1971). Milda Danytė’s studies indicate a change in historical novels pertinent to Donoghue’s novels (Danytė 2007; 2019). Then the narratological concepts of narrative, narrators, and focalizers are discussed, following the works of Gerald Prince (1987), Edwin J. Barton and Glenda A. Hudson (2004), and Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan (1983). Section 4.2.1 briefly reviews concepts from postcolonial literary and translation theory, beginning with the definitions of colonialism by Ellek Boehmer (1995), and Robert Longley (2021), and of imperialism by Shrikant B. Sawant (2012) and Edward Said (1993). Jenni Ramone’s (2011) research on postcolonial theory provides an illustrative example of prejudice in travel literature. Then this section draws on ideas from Maria Tymnoczko (1999) for approaching postcolonial theory from the perspective of translation. Section 5.1 lists some frequent features of Irish English dialect, gathering ideas of Irish linguist Raymond Hickey (2005; 2020), Markku Filppula (1999), and Tamami Shimada (2018). Then it provides definitions of dialect outlined by Hizniye Isabella Boga (2020), Federico M. Federici (2011), and David Crystal (2008), and investigates how it can be treated in translation, consulting the works of Leszek Berezowski (1997), Viktorija Semėnaitė and Nijolė Maskaliūnienė (2017). Section 6.1 reviews the concept of culture, listing definitions by Edgar H. Schein (2012) and Terry Eagleton (2016). Then the concept of culture-specific items in translation is discussed, following the works of Mona Baker (1992), Jurgita Mikutytė (2005, Eirlys E. Davies (2003). The taxonomy of culture-specific items by Peter Newmark (1988) is provided, as is it is used in this research as a basis for categorisation. The analysis concludes that the historical and cultural contexts in The Wonder shape the main narrative and its characters, but also create challenges for the translator. The translation of the novel is faithful; Gailiūtė-Bernotienė favours neutralization for dealing with instances of Irish English dialect, and direct translation as well as finding readily-available equivalents to religious items, as Lithuanians and the Irish are both Roman Catholic. From a post colonial perspective, Gailiūtė-Bernotienė preserves the protagonist Lib’s prejudiced attitudes and comments towards the Irish, which is crucial for the character’s development in the novel. Šiame magistro darbe analizuojamas Emma’os Donoghue istorinis romanas „The Wonder“ (2016) ir jo vertimas į lietuvių kalbą „Stebuklas“ (2018), kurį atliko Gabrielė Gailiūtė-Bernotienė. Analizuojamas tiek romano istorinis ir kultūrinis kontekstas, tiek jo vertimas į lietuvių kalbą.

This BA thesis analyzes the different aspects of the theme of friendship focusing on ten selected picturebooks for children. The picturebooks chosen are My New Friend Is So Fun! and Should I Share My Ice Cream? by Mo Willems, Franklin Fibs by Paulette Bourgeois, A Bargain for Frances by Russell Hoban, The Mole Sisters and the Moonlit Night by Roslyn Schwartz, Sticks and Stones by Pierrette Dube, Arthur’s Nose by Marc Brown, two stories from Days with Frog and Toad “Tomorrow” and “The Kite” by Arnold Lobel, and The Snowman by Raymond Briggs. These stories were chosen to be analyzed to find different ways friendships are depicted in different types of stories.
The thesis is divided into seven main parts. Part One is introductory. It offers information about the paper and the authors of the selected books that will be analyzed in the paper. Part Two is a theoretical overview of the theoretical aspects of friendship in middle childhood. It provides information and ideas of psychologists and other specialists about the importance of friendship in a particular age of children. It also delves into the more specific categories of children and how it affects the way they act in social situations. Part Three explains the use of anthropomorphized animal characters in children’s picturebooks and early readers. It is divided into two subsections. The first subsection introduces Aesop’s fables. It explains who Aesop was and the origins of the stories that are used to create specific animal characters that are humanized. Subsection Two analyzes the question “Why do children prefer animal characters in stories?” It gives specific ideas that are based on research of children’s specialists and gives examples that support said ideas. Part Four names the features of picturebooks. It is based on children’s authors’ and critics’ ideas and explains each feature based on their research. Part Five analyzes the humanizing of animal characters in selected picturebooks. It explains the process and gives specific visual examples from the picturebooks that are analyzed in this thesis. Section Six discusses different topics about friendship in picturebooks and early readers; it is divided into four subsections. The first subsection has information about an idealized friendship. The book analyzed in this subsection is The Mole Sisters and the Moonlit Night. The second subsection explains learning from friends analyzing the book Arthur’s Nose and two stories “The Kite” and “Tomorrow”. The third subsection looks at the conflicts in friendship. The books analyzed in this subsection are Franklin Fibs, Sticks and Stones, Should I Share My Ice Cream?, My New Friend Is So Fun!, and A Bargain for Frances. The fourth subsection comments on imaginary friends in children’s picturebooks. The book analyzed in this subsection is The Snowman. Part Seven is the conclusion of the paper. A list of works cited is also provided.

The topic of this BA thesis is the variety of themes in contemporary didactic picturebooks. In section two this paper will introduce the historical context of literature for children. It further goes into depth about how different historical periods, changes in social views, values, and innovations in education and print influenced the creation of literature for children. Furthermore, it explains how didacticism is one of the main features of literature for children throughout history. Section three of the thesis focuses on specific picturebooks. In this section the paper presents different types of picturebooks, reading benefits, how picturebooks differ according to reading levels, the differences between ‘picturebook’ and ‘illustrated book’, and lastly the definitions of what exactly is ‘picturebook’ according to experts. Sections four and five focus on analysing the chosen picturebooks and the varieties of themes that are encountered in didactic picturebooks. The picturebooks that will be analysed are "Just Me in the Tub" and "The New Potty", "Arthur’s Nose", "Sticks and Stones", "The Berenstain Bears Lose a Friend", "The Tenth Good Thing about Barney", "Sweets", and lastly "The Duck, Death, and the Tulip". This BA thesis aims to discuss the different themes that young readers encounter while growing up and the core messages these picturebooks and themes teach children. Furthermore, the topic of this BA thesis is relevant to to discuss how children’s literature influences children’s social development and impacts them throughout history and nowadays.

This BA thesis analyses Lobel’s Frog and Toad series from a double perspective, first, that of its format as examples of early readers, as well as, for its content, the variety of ways friendship is presented in the stories. The thesis relies on historical context regarding the development of the first reading aids for children to modern textbooks for beginners. The rules of early reader format are explained using the advice provided by writers and editors; the Frog and Toad series are analysed according to them. Arnold Lobel wrote many early readers, but his most memorable one is the Frog and Toad series, divided into four books, portraying the adventures of two animal friends, a frog and a toad. Their friendship sets a good example for children reading these books. The thesis is divided into six chapters. After the introduction, Chapter Two presents the history of the first reading aids from the 16th to the 19th century. Chapter Three shows early readers as a category of textbooks and briefly explains their general rules of writing. Chapter Four reviews fiction and non-fiction genres among early readers with examples for each of these two genres. Chapter Five analyses Lobel’s Frog and Toad series from the perspective of early reader writing rules and the representation of friendship. Chapter Six concludes this thesis and presents the findings of the analysis. A list of Works Cited is also provided, along with appendices containing the plot summaries of Lobel’s Frog and Toad stories.

Šis bakalauro darbas nagrinėja Frances Itani romaną „Requiem“ (2011) ir pateikia sudėtingą dailininko Bin Okuma tapsmą japonų kilmės kanadiečių internavimo kontekste Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais. 1941 metais Bin yra vaikas, kurio šeima kartu su daugeliu kitų kanadiečių japonų staiga buvo išvaryti iš namų ir išsiųsti į negyvenamas vietas, kuriose jie buvo priversti statyti internavimo stovyklas. Greta materialinių sunkumų ir žeminančio statuso praradimo šalyje, kurioje jie įsikūrė arba gimė kaip Bin, berniukas patiria antrą gniuždantį atstūmimą, kai tėvas atiduoda jį įvaikinti kitam vyrui internavimo stovykloje. Šis bakalauro darbas yra suskirstytas į 7 skyrius. Pirmajame skyriuje pristatyta tema, pateiktas trumpas romano siužetas ir nurodyti tolesnių skyrių pagrindiniai tikslai. Antrasis skyrius yra suskirstytas į du poskyrius: pirmajame nagrinėjami pasakojimai kelyje ir jų ypatybės, tuo tarpu antrajame – pasakojimų kelyje savybės ,,Requiem‘‘. Šis skyrius remiasi literatūros kritikų Ronald Primeau, Barry Keith Grant, Jill Lynn Talbot ir Ann Brigham darbais. Trečiasis skyrius taip pat yra suskirstytas į du poskyrius: pirmajame pateikta teorija apie vokiečių žanrą ,,Künstlerroman“ (menininko romanas), o antrajame poskyryje ,,Requiem‘‘ yra išanalizuotas kaip romanas apie dailininko tapsmą. Pagrindinė ,,Künstlerroman‘‘ žanro tyrimo medžiaga yra paremta J. A. Cuddon ir Zarina Maiwandi darbais. Ketvirtas skyrius pateikia istorinę romano apžvalgą: japonų kilmės kanadiečių gyvenimą Kanadoje nuo IX amžiaus pabaigos iki XX amžiaus pradžios ir šio periodo vaizdavimą „Requiem“. Šis skyrius remiasi istorikų: Ann Sunahara ir kolegų, Greg Robinson ir Andrew McIntosho, darbais bei internetinės svetainės ,,Japanese Canadian History“ straipsnių autorių darbais. Penktajame skyriuje išanalizuotas sudėtingas pagrindinio veikėjo sielvartas ir pyktis, nukreiptas į jo blogus santykius su biologiniu tėvu ir Bin neseniai mirusia žmona Lena. Šiame skyriuje naudoti Wendy Smith komentarai ir John Barber interviu su Frances Itani. Šeštas skyrius analizuoja Bin santykius su įtėviu Okuma-san ir kaip jo palaikymas bei auklėjimas padeda Bin ugdyti savigarbą ir meninę tapatybę. Analizėje atsižvelgta į Jon Mayes interviu su Frances Itani ir Wendy Smith straipsnį. Septintasis ir paskutinis skyrius yra išvada, apibendrinanti teoriją ir analizę. Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo gale yra pateiktas cituotų darbų sąrašas.

Šiame baigiamajame darbe analizuojama Margaret Atwood knyga „Moral Disorder“ kaip apsakymų ciklas ir beletrizuota autobiografija. Margaret Atwood (g. 1939 m.) yra gerai žinoma kanadiečių romanistė ir poetė. Šios analizės tikslas yra paaiškinti apsakymų ciklo ir autobiografinių kūrinių reikšmę bei nustatyti, kaip jų ypatumai pasireiškia knygoje „Moral Disorder“. Šį baigiamąjį darbą sudaro penki skyriai. Pirmajame pristatoma tema, pateikiama trumpa „Moral Disorder“ siužeto santrauka ir nurodomi pagrindiniai tolesnių skyrių tikslai. Antrasis skyrius padalintas į du poskyrius: pirmajame pateikiama teorija apie apsakymų ciklo ypatybes, o antrajame apžvelgiama, kaip apsakymų ciklo ypatumai pasireiškia knygoje „Moral Disorder“, remiantis James’o Nagel’o, Suzanne’os Ferguson, Benjamin’o Sapadin’o, Rebekah’os Clarkson, Forrest’o L. Ingram’o, Robert’o M. Luscher’io, Susan’os Mann, Gerald’o Lynch’o, Ursula’os K. Le Guin, Anne’os R. Morris ir Maggie’ės Dunn, Alice’os Truax bei Silje’os Bjerke darbais. Trečiąjį skyrių taip pat sudaro du poskyriai: pirmajame pateikiami autobiografinių literatūros kūrinių ypatumai, remiantis James’o Olney, Adam’o Augustyn’o, Philippe’o Lejeune’o, Ross’o Murfin’o ir Supryia’os M. Ray, J. A. Cuddon’o bei Georges’o Gusdorf’o tyrinėjimais, o 3.2 poskyryje knyga „Moral Disorder“ analizuojama kaip beletrizuota autobiografija, daugiausia remiantis dviem Margaret Atwood biografijomis, kurias parašė Rosemary Sullivan ir Nathalie Cooke. Ketvirtajame skyriuje pateikiama „Moral Disorder“ struktūros analizė, ypač atkreipiant dėmesį į vidines nuorodas tarp istorijų bei kitus siejimo būdus, kurie perkelia skaitytojus iš vienos istorijos į kitą. Penktoji ir paskutinė dalis yra išvada, kurioje apibendrinami tyrimai ir analizė. Šio darbo pabaigoje yra literatūros šaltinių sąrašas bei priedas A („Margaret Atwood biografijos laiko juosta“).