Nowadays there are more than 10 percent of couples who face infertility problems and cannot give birth to children. Due to this reason medicine representatives began searching for active measures which could help the society in solving infertility problems. The most significant turning point in medicine took place on 25 July, 1978, when the first surrogate-baby was born. Actual inventor of this technology, British physiologist Robert G. Edwards was awarded Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for the research in the field of artificial fertilization. Owing to these researches, in vitro fertilization (IVF or „in vitro fertilization“) was discovered, thereby providing infertile couples with a possibility of pregnancy with a child genetically related to them. This is the reason surrogacy became popular in the world. Although surrogacy has been used for only several decades and its popularity is constantly increasing, regulation of this field persists to be very different. Some of the countries prohibit surrogacy, the others – on the contrary, legalize it. Differential surrogacy regulation conditions the fact that the countries constantly face problems of surrogacy. Recently, when surrogacy, former medical means, is becoming an increasingly significant business and huge amounts of money are being paid not to infertility clinics and agents exceptionally, but also to surrogate mothers, legal scientists raise the issue if there is any exploitation of women, human or children trafficking. Unbalanced regulation of the field of surrogacy conditions the fact that later it will face all aforementioned problems. As long as Lithuania does not have any laws regulating this field, it is essential to study out if there is a possibility to equate commercial surrogacy to human trafficking in accordance with the working law on human trafficking (Article 147 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania). [...]

The objects of the research are power relations between victims of trafficking and physicians, and the importance of the role of a social worker in these relations. Even though sexual, physical and psychological problems of victims’ health are defined as one of the most distressing consequences of women trafficking, the question of medical care of these women has been still lile studied. Limited attitude towards health care, the fear of physical and psychological violence in a physician room and complicated accessibility of health care raise the importance of a social worker. Thus the research is aimed at defining the roles of a social worker in the process of health care of victims of women trafficking.The qualitative method has been applied in this research. Two physicians, two clients of the project of Lithuanian Caritas program “Aid to the victims of trafficking and prostitution” and the social worker of this project have been questioned by a semi-structured interview. The data analysis has been made according to fenomenographic and content analysis data approaches. The results of the research indicate that the process of victims of women trafficking health care is impossible without a direct participation of a social worker. According to the strategy of empowering as well as the participants of the research, despite traditional roles of a social worker as broker and advocate, the supporting role of a social worker has been noticed.The research has been also aimed at exploring the relations between physicians and women who were trafficked. Even though a consultative physician – patient relation model predominates, the interviews have revealed that the physicians have all the power. This is determined by their Professional knowledge, experience, power in decision making, and the social status of a physician.As the results of the analysis show, informal collaboration between aid programs and medical institutions raises a lot of misunderstandings. The interviewees emphasized not only the lack of collaboration, but the tendency to control. According to the participants of the research, the collaboration should be improved by changing the aitude of physicians towards victims of women trafficking, also by making changes in health care policy carried out by the government.According to the results of the research conclusions have been made and recommendations for the aid programs, physicians and social policy formers have been given.

Possibilities of the rehabilitation process of women who are in the slavery of people trafficking, and peculiarities of the expression are analysed in the article. The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of this process, inner and outer factors which may influence success of rehabilitation and highlight the difficulties. The aim of the research performed is to reveal the peculiarities of the rehabilitation process for victims of women trafficking.The object of the research is the rehabilitation process for victims of women trafficking (in the inner and outer aspect). The hypothesis of the research – it is believed that success of rehabilitation for victims of women trafficking depends on inner (values, motivation, control of the situation) and outer resources (share of information, services and socioeducational help). Presenting results of the research, a qualitative research is being rendered, in which the a��itude of the rehabilitation process participants is analysed evaluating the development of that process.Nowadays it is more and more widely spoken in a modern society about a quickly floating negative phenomenon – women trafficking in Lithuania and on the international level. Women of different age become victims in people trafficking, the extent of people trafficking is increasing and it becomes an international problem (Pochagina, 2007; Kovalev, 2007). Women trafficking and engaging in prostitution has inevitably disastrous influence on physical and psychical health of women and girls (Navaitis, 2004; O‘Connor, Healy, 2006). Many researches have been performed in the recent decade in order to find out the efficiency of rendered services for victims of people trafficking and prostitution (Sipavičienė, 2004), rehabilitation and reintegration aspects for victims of prostitution and people trafficking are researched and analysed, institutions which provide various help are supervised, their activities and principles of help are examined (Ruškus, Mažeikienė, Blinstrubas, Balčiūnas, 2005; Karmaza ir kt., 2005).The analysis and development of the rehabilitation process of women trafficking become more important. Why is the rehabilitation process of people trafficking and victims so special? What factors could influence its success? What is important for victims of women trafficking: their own values, a wish to alter, to control the situation, an ability to represent herself or existance of the social services and the net of help, spread of information, etc? These questions could make a problematic sphere in the article.

This paper presents some specific features of modern slavery. Very important changes occurred during last years. Trafficking in women and children in aim of sexual exploitation is not so dominant aspect of human trafficking. The number of committed offences of human trafficking in aim of forced labour is increased very fast. This in obviously economic crime now. In some areas of the world the most important sectors of economy depend on forced labour. Examples could be cotton production in Uzbekistan and cocoa in Ivory Coast. Some new tools as Internet create new dangers but also new possibilities to protect citizens. Some states, as the UK, adopts completely new types of regulations to prevent this criminal activity. Poland is the country of origin and destination of victims and also transit country. Comparison to other European countries gives surprising results. Per cent of slaves in Poland is third highest in our continent. One of the reasons of such situation is high number of Ukrainians looking for a job here. This nationality is the most frequently victims of forced labour in Poland. Authorities of many countries have the same problem to solve. How to find a good compromise between need for international, as strong as possible, harmonisation of standards of criminal responsibility and creation of efficient rules of law in internal aspect. At present international obligations are probably stronger and countries adopt new provision, very often just directly translating parts of international agreement as part of internal statute. The latest history of Polish regulations regarding human trafficking is good example of such practice.

The phenomenon of product counterfeiting, including especially medicinal products, has been on increase, not only contributing to growing losses of the right- holders, but primarily constituting an increasing threat to consumers and safety of the country. Counterfeiting significantly reduces the revenue from taxes and fees; there are more and more reports about the fatal consequences of the use of counterfeited goods, especially drugs, dietary supplements, mechanical and electronic devices. The dynamic character of the phenomenon of product counterfeiting is reflected not only in the continuing increase in the amount of counterfeited products on the market and the diversification of the categories of the counterfeited products, which results in a situation where all the products available in the economic trade have their counterfeited equivalents, but also in new trends in the fields of manufacture and distribution. Furthermore goods counterfeiting is related to the growth of crime by engaging organized crime and its connection with other serious crimes, including money laundering, human trafficking and enabling illegal immigration, frauds, and terrorism. In Poland the significance and seriousness of the problem of goods and medicinal products counterfeiting, as well as legal penal instruments to prevent it, are not sufficiently recognized by the legislation or the practice. Goods counterfeiting remains beyond the control of the law enforcement, its prevention remains a façade, and the undertaken actions are conducted ad hoc, without a well-thought wider plan. Article is based on the Author’s doctoral thesis (“Criminal protection of trademarks”, Toruń 2015, unpublished, written under the academic supervision of Professor Andrzej Adamski), which was dedicated to the analysis of the phenomenon of goods counterfeiting from the criminological and legal perspective (regulations regarding the criminal protection of trademarks in the international, EU, British, German, French, Italian, and Polish law were the subjects of the research). An important part of the thesis was the empirical research connected to the practice of Polish law enforcement and the judiciary in terms of cases tried under Article 305 of the act on Industrial Property Law legally closed between 2007 and 2014. It included statistical research, case records studies, and individual in-depth interviews with police officers, customs officers, and prosecutors. The conducted case records studies regarded cases from the District Court in Piaseczno (however vital its role is), while the individual in-depth interviews encompasses officers from two police units (Departments for Fighting Economic Crime of the Metropolitan Police Authority and the County Police in Piaseczno), one unit of Customs Service (Department for Fighting Crime), and a prosecutor from one Prosecutor’s Office (District Public Prosecutor's Office in Piaseczno).

Trafficking in human beings is not a contemporary social phenomenon as its history reaches the ancient times. Recently it has become especially important because of the increasing scope of migration influenced by economic crisis in Europe and worldwide. The article investigates the phenomenon of human trafficking focusing on the social policy measures in victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into the labour market process. The research is based on the analysis of the situation in three EU member states – Austria, Finland and Lithuania, focusing on the role of NGOs and their activities in provision of social assistance for the victims of human trafficking in integration into the labour market process.