Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo ištirti ir palyginti padelio ir teniso žaidimų metu patiriamus fizinių krūvių skirtumus. Šiame tyrime dalyvavo aštuoni (n = 8) nacionalinio lygio teniso žaidėjai vyrai (amžius 27,0 ± 7,4 metų, ūgis 186,3 ± 7,7 cm, kūno masė 81,5 ± 10,7 kg). Kiekvienas dalyvis turėjo Nacionalinės teniso asociacijos reitingą ir dalyvavo svarbiausiuose nacionaliniuose vieneto ir dvejetų turnyruose. Jie taip pat dalyvavo Nacionalinės padelio federacijos organizuojamuose A lygio turnyruose. Tyrimo metu buvo sužaista 12 simuliacinių rungtynių – po 6 teniso ir padelio. Žaidėjų poros buvo suformuotos pagal panašų meistriškumo lygį, siekiant užtikrinti konkurencingumą. Visi dalyviai sužaidė po trejas rungtynes kiekvienoje sporto šakoje, trunkančias po 40 min., imituojant vieno seto trukmę. Šiuo tyrimu palyginome padelio ir teniso dvejetų žaidėjų patiriamą fizinį krūvį bei nustatėme žaidimo veiklos charakteringus skirtumus. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad teniso žaidimo metu žaidėjai patyrė didesnį išorinį fizinį krūvį pagal visus tirtus parametrus. Bendras įveiktas atstumas, judėjimo intensyvumas, vidutinis greitis, maksimalus greitis, sprintų kiekis, aukšto intensyvumo greitėjimų atstumas žaidžiant tenisą buvo didesnis nei žaidžiant padelį. Tačiau širdies susitraukimų dažnis bei laktato kiekis kraujyje abiejų žaidimų metu nesiskyrė.

The aim of the article is to investigate the position of comic literature in modern textbooks of literature for grades 5–12. The textbooks published in Lithuania during the transitional period of the reforms in education (1987–1997) and modern textbooks published in 1998–2002 as well as French textbooks of literature were chosen as objects of comparative analysis. The results of the analysis showed that in modern (1998– 2002) textbooks of literature for grades 5–10 comic works of literature are given much more attention to than in those of the transitional period (1987–1997). The difference is statistically significant. Nevertheless, comparison of textbooks for grades 11–12 revealed that this difference is statiscally insignificant. Having analysed the results of the research, it is possible to state that positive changes in the development of culture of humour in school are noticeable only in basic school (grades 5–10).

Fifth graders as young adolescents are recognisable by training their abilities to think critically and questioning gender roles. It is known that any representation of gender in purely traditional roles shapes students’ minds and influences their understanding of their abilities and interests. Therefore, their learning environment must be suited for students‘ growth as intellectuals. Textbooks, being one of the most popular tools between teaching materials, are responsible for the righteous portrayal of gender roles. The object of this study was to evaluate mathematics textbooks for the fifth graders using comparative analysis. For this research, four textbooks for fifth graders were chosen to be evaluated based on their usage in schools. Mixed methodology content analysis was performed together with evaluation analysis that was based on content analysis findings. For research purposes, the author‘s evaluation matrix was created. This research showed results determining the stereotypical portrayals of gender roles in all examined teaching materials. The portrayal of gender mostly dominated in traditional roles, almost in all categories was domination by males, except for traditionally ‘feminine’ household activities, also in some cases, there was a devaluation of women’s logical skills. It showed that the portrayal of man’s gender had superiority over the woman’s gender.

In two following decades of Independence changing the education of Lithuania great attention was paid to the content of education, to be more precise, modern and general programs of examinations and national textbooks of teaching subjects were made. During such period of time in Lithuania there are made many textbooks of alternative mathematics for different forms. For instance, sixth textbooks are suggested for the fifth form now. Criteria, which are used by teachers in order to evaluate alternatives, are not emphasized, that is why the evaluational analysis of textbooks of mathematics should be made. The teachers of the fifth forms and the students of the fourth and the fifth forms were questioned to find out, how the content and pedagogical and didactical features of different textbooks are evaluated by teachers. What is more, attention was paid to pupils’ choose of the mathematics’ textbook for the fifth form. The questionnaire revealed that students evaluate textbooks according to variety of visual material. Also the material is more acceptable which is based on pupils’ practical life, context and practical criteria such as weight, size, form of the textbook, type of the cover, illustrations and quality. Students’ questionnaire showed that textbooks would be more attractive, more convenient to carry and the weight of bags would be standard if the practical criterion of evaluation was highlighted during the investigation. Teachers’ data analysis of the questionnaire makes recommendations how to evaluate a textbook. Looking at the results of investigation, we can recommend evaluating textbooks according to pedagogical, psychological and ergonomical criterion. Moreover, choosing a textbook students point of view should be considerate.

The paper aims to reveal the decisive factors and presumptions of Lithuania’s and Latvia’s immigration policy formation. The theoretical model is constructed by using immigration policy theories, presumptions and strategies, possible models of incorporation, role of social actors, and influence of social (non)security. Based on this theoretical model an analysis of Lithuania’s and Latvia’s immigration policy was attempted. The target group of this article is not citizens of EU countries, but integration processes which are connected with, or involved in, the conception of immigration policy. The historically created genesis of society (homogeneous and formed on ethnocentric basis) and presumptions of identity formation affect the formation of a strict immigration policy in Latvia and Lithuania, in order to ensure the social security of society and to maintain ethnic and cultural identity. Temporary immigration policy is institutionalized by realizing statutes of circular immigration policy. In this way the probability of constant immigration is reduced by trying to protect the homogeneity and social security of society. Integration of newly-arrived immigrants is not implemented in Lithuania and Latvia, as the only political and practical means indicated by the European Fund for the Integration of Third-country Nationals.