Šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje sveikatos raštingumas pripažįstamas kaip vienas iš pagrindinių veiksnių, lemiančių sveiką gyvenseną ir sveikatą. Sveikatos raštingumas – tai asmeniniai gebėjimai rasti, suprasti, vertinti ir taikyti, siekiant kasdieniame gyvenime daryti išvadas ir priimti sprendimus, susijusius su sveikatos priežiūra, ligų prevencija ir sveikatos stiprinimu gyvenimo kokybei palaikyti arba gerinti visuose gyvenimo etapuose. Mokslinių tyrimų rezultatai rodo, kad sveikatos raštingumas gali būti svarbus veiksnys motyvuojant žmones tapti fiziškai aktyviais. Sveikatos raštingumo tyrimai pastaruosius kelis dešimtmečius sulaukia vis didesnio užsienio šalių mokslininkų dėmesio, tačiau Lietuvoje tai dar retai tyrinėjama sritis. Mažai žinoma, kaip Lietuvos jaunimo sveikatos raštingumas susijęs fiziniu aktyvumu. Šio straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti jaunimo sveikatos raštingumo ir fizinio aktyvumo sąsajas. Atliekant tyrimą naudota anoniminė anketinė apklausa internetu. Klausimyną sudarė trys dalys: 1) demografiniai duomenys (lytis, amžius), 2) klausimas fiziniam aktyvumui nustatyti (Kaip dažnai per pastarąjį mėnesį mankštinotės 30 minučių ar ilgiau, pvz., bėgiojote, vaikščiojote, važinėjote dviračiu?), 3) sveikatos raštingumo klausimynas HLS-EU-Q-47. Tyrime savanoriškai dalyvavo 18–29 m. jaunuoliai, iš jų 399 vaikinai ir 399 merginos. Tyrimo duomenims analizuoti naudotas statistinis paketas IBM SPSS.26. Taikyti aprašomosios statistikos metodai (absoliutūs ir procentiniai dažniai, vidurkis, standartinis nuokrypis, minimali ir maksimali reikšmė, ekscesas ir asimetrijos koeficientas), taikytas Stjudento (angl. Student) t testas, Chi kvadrato testas, efekto dydžiui įvertinti – Kramerio V. Apibendrinus tyrimo duomenis, nustatyta, kad tik 38,8 proc. vaikinų ir 24,8 proc. merginų laikosi PSO rekomendacijų dėl fizinio aktyvumo, tik 41,8 proc. vaikinų ir 43,3 proc. merginų bendras sveikatos raštingumas pakankamas arba puikus. Bendro sveikatos raštingumo vidurkis (M = 31,09, SD = 7,34), apskaičiuotas visai tyrimo imčiai, rodo, kad jaunimui būdingas probleminis sveikatos raštingumas. Tiriant sveikatos raštingumo ir fizinio aktyvumo sąsajas, gauti nevienareikšmiški rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad tiek fiziškai aktyvių, tiek nepakankamai fiziškai aktyvių vaikinų sveikatos raštingumo lygis sveikatos priežiūros srityje ir ligų prevencijos srityje buvo panašus. Tačiau rasta, kad puikiu sveikatos raštingumu sveikatos stiprinimo srityje (χ2 = 7,951, p < 0,05) ir puikiu bendruoju sveikatos raštingumu (χ2 = 9,337, p < 0,05) pasižymėjo daugiau fiziškai aktyvių vaikinų nei neaktyvių. Nors tai statistiškai reikšmingos sąsajos, gautas efekto dydis nedidelis (Kramerio V atitinkamai 0,141 ir 0,153). Fiziškai aktyvių ir neaktyvių merginų imtyse sveikatos raštingumas sveikatos stiprinimo srityje buvo panašaus lygio. Fiziškai aktyvių merginų, kurioms būdingas puikus sveikatos raštingumas sveikatos priežiūros srityje (χ2 = 9,636, p < 0,05) ir puikus bendrasis sveikatos raštingumas (χ2 = 19,583, p < 0,0001), buvo statistiškai reikšmingai daugiau, palyginti su fiziškai neaktyviomis merginomis, nors Kramerio V reikšmė rodo nedidelį (V = 0,155) ir vidutinį (V = 0,222) poveikio dydį. Atlikto tyrimo rezultatai yra svarbus įrodymas, kad investicijos į jaunimo sveikatos raštingumą yra ypač svarbios, nes šių įgūdžių reikės ateityje priimant su sveikata susijusius sprendimus. Šis tyrimas padeda plėtoti sveikatos raštingumo tyrimus Lietuvoje, prisideda prie jaunimo sveikatos raštingumo pažinimo ir informuoja, kaip svarbu užtikrinti sveikatos raštingumo ugdymo tęstinumą jaunuoliams baigus vidurinio ugdymo pakopą.

The aim of the present study was: to compare the validity of assessments, by using uni-axial and tri-axial accelerometry at different physical activity intensity levels (PAL) for monitoring of physical activity at stadium and free living conditions. Activities were divided into three PAL as slow walk, brisk walk and jogging. All activities were performed at stadium and at the forest at cross-country place. Participants of the study performed the tasks at self selected speeds. Pulse monitor “Polar-S810” was used for the heart rate monitoring and a device with the tri-axial accelerometer was attached to the trunk as to measure and calculate the sum of the rectified and integrated acceleration curves from the anteroposterior, mediolateral and vertical directions. The integration period was set at 10 s and the final output was expressed as integrated physical activity level in the vertical axis (ay) and integrated physical activity level of all three axes (ax, ay, az). The integrated values of PAL obtained during the various intensities were normalized for each participants of the study while a level of integrated curves during a slow walk was accepted as one. Analysis of changes in HR during the performance of locomotion of various intensities shoved that the same physical task requires a various energy costs in dependence on the environmental conditions. Cross-country conditions, i.e. mountain and more twists required the more mobilization of cardiovascular system as to perform the task and the bigger changes in HR was observed. The uni-axial accelerometry allowed to identify physical activity across the various intensities investigated at the stadium and at the cross-country conditions. The tri-axial accelerometry more precisely than uni-axial accelerometry allows to measure changes in intensities of physical activity under free-living conditions.

The general purpose of this study was to present a newly developed system designed for monitoring of cardiovascular and physical activity changes. The hardware system consists of the device for registration of ECG and accelerometers signals and wireless transmission to computer. The coach software works in two modes: on-line version is used during training and offline version is designed for detailed data analysis after training. Subjects performed six different locomotors tasks: 1 – unrestrained walking; 2 – short-step walking; 3 – long-step walking; 4 – unrestrained running; 5 – short-step running; 6 – long-step running along a standardized stadium circuit; and each locomotor activity follow-up for a 180 seconds. The present investigation also confirmed the large inter-individual variation of acceleration while performing the same exercise. The data obtained during the study showed that assessments by accelerometers overestimated intensity of physical activity during short-step walking and running, and underestimated it during the same locomotion performed by long-step. The results obtained during the investigations allows to conclude that developed ECG and motion activity monitoring system with two packages of software allows to measure and asses the cardiovascular and physical activity changes during the walking and running tasks.

Actuality of the issue. Under the modern conditions, for successful social-economic development of the society, it is necessary to prove possibility of active influence on the youth and harmonious development of their physical and moral qualities. It promotes good health among the youth and provides their good physical shape, necessary for personal development, as well as for development of the society in the market economy (Bar-Or O., 1996; Адамбеков, Касымбекова, 1998). Existing tendency of decreasing physical development and some health indicators among children and teenagers in Kazakhstan makes it necessary to look for scientific solutions of the problem and theoretical basis of physical education system for schoolchildren and students (Адамбеков, 1995; Таджиева, 2009, Ильясова, Оспанова, 2011). The aim of the study is to provide theoretical ground and tested on practice concept of physical education of teenagers under modern conditions. The aim of the study can be reached through consistent realization of the following objectives: 1) exposure of social and pedagogical basis for development of physical education in Kazakhstan; 2) provision of theoretical basis for necessity of sports and national sport games, as a means of physical development among schoolchildren and students; 3) preparation and adaptation of the concept model and method of physical education among schoolchildren and students. For realization of the above objectives the following research methods are used: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature and materials of experimental studies; pedagogical experiment, pedagogical observation (recording of load volume and intensity during lessons of physical education, testing and mathematic statistic method. The results of our study show that physical education concept model which was designed and tested during the pedagogical experiment became the basis for a complex program recommending three mandatory sports classes a week and daily short duration playing sessions of sports games (for example, football). The program proved its effectiveness in all the tested parameters. According to the experiment results, optimal volume of daily motion activity for children and teenagers goes as follows: motion component of 7-8 hours a day by daily regime; daily energy consumption in the range of 2000-3000 kcal, 25-30 per cent of which are consumed for sports activities; daily quantity of locomotion actions – 25-30 thousand steps. Effectiveness evaluation criteria for sports classes and physical training lessons are: tests results on strength, agility, endurance and flexibility; dynamic improvement of physical capacity; optimal volume of daily motion activity.

The research aim was to examine some factors of physical activity in families with 5-6 years-old children and physical education in the kindergarten, and to assess the effectiveness of the created educational project of physical activity stimulation in a family. The following research methods were applied: the project of physical activity stimulation in a family, survey, group conversations with children, descriptive statistics. The project lasted for three months. 278 families with 5-6 years-old children from 17 Klaipėda preschool institutions participated in it. Children participated in physical education classes in the kindergarten twice a week. They learnt different tasks and games during them. The teacher continuously emphasised which tasks and games should be performed at home together with parents. Three pieces of homework were given every week (for 30 min). The homework consisted only of those physical activities, tasks, and games which were performed in physical education classes in the kindergarten; therefore, they were measured, uncomplicated, and realised in such a way that at least one of the parents could definitely perform them together with their child. The research data suggests that the majority of the 5-6 years-olds’ parents, participating in the project of physical activity stimulation in a family, had higher education, a half of them did mental, sitting job, and only a tenth did sport systematically. Parents thought that the majority of their children were physically active, often asked their family members to do sport together, a third of them attended sports and dance clubs. The majority of the parents were positive about children’s physical education in the kindergarten; however, more than four fifths did not assist in organising health and sport events. The majority of the children liked physical education classes during the project of physical activity stimulation in a family, and they willingly told their family members about physical activity content. Family members mostly performed homework tasks together with the child 1-3 times a week, but not systematically. Mother or father mostly did sport together with the child. A child, who is systematically physically trained in a preschool institution, can stimulate his family’s physical activity. Five-six year-old children liked being the organisers of physical activity in their family. During the project the children often asked their family members to perform together the tasks or games, they had learnt in the kindergarten, at home. They were able to reveal clearly to the teacher the situations of physical activity in their family. On the other hand, children are just a go between a teacher and their parents. They are unable to realise all their physical potential by themselves, defeat parents’ unwillingness to do sport together, therefore, close collaboration between teachers and parents is essential. Both preschool teachers and parents should see physical activity as a basic (self)-educational component, model child’s physical activity, create favourable physical and social environment.

This article presents a study on the perceptions of university professors of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences about the causes of lack of learning motivation of students with and without disabilities and the actions they take to motivate them. 16 semi-structured interviews were analyzed in an inductive manner. The results suggest that university teachers value students, enable positive learning environments, and address the interests and needs of all students through inclusive curricular practices.

The motor activity is a natural need for the development of human health, preservation and improvement of health at all times. Restriction of motor activity leads to negative functional and morphological changes in an organism, a decrease in mental and physical working capacity. Harmonization of motor activity and the professional setting of young people are very important in the course of the higher working process, when high demands are made not only on mental activity, but also on physical ability. Nowadays, there is a contradiction between the growing need for intensification of an intellectual labour and with a lack of motor activity, as a necessary condition for strengthening and maintaining health. Red blood cells in the body are highly specialized cells, the main function of which is associated with the presence of haemoglobin in them, which provides oxygen transfer. Red blood cells may break down during exercise. The red blood cell membrane is destroyed as a result of constant physical exertion, increased circulation or increased body temperature, and thus oxygen transport capabilities are reduced. There is a release of haemoglobin into the blood plasma: haemolysis. As a result of the destruction of red blood cells, a harmful compound is formed - hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It belongs to the active forms of oxygen; in the organism H2O2 is destroyed by catalase. Catalase is widely distributed in the human and animal organism. Most of the enzymes are found in erythrocytes, liver, and kidneys. The function of the enzyme is to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, which has a detrimental effect on the cell components. A review of the literature reveals that there is enough of information on the effects of disease and unfavourable factors on erythrocyte destruction, but there is not enough data on the effects of exercise on this phenomenon. The aim of this research was to study the influence of the level of motor activity of students of a pedagogical university on the resistance properties of red blood cells and the activity of red blood cells membrane catalase. Materials and methods. The subjects of research were volunteer students of the first, second and third courses of KazNPU named after Abay. The age range of students was 19–21 years. In this series of experiments, we studied the structural and functional state of red blood cells’ membranes of 40 students of different sexes, divided into two groups of 20 people. The male and female groups were divided into two subgroups of 10 people in each. The first group was with a relatively low motor activity, which was composed of students from various departments, and the second was with a relatively high motor activity (students studying in physical education department). The average amount of physical activity of students with relatively low motor activity was 4 academic hours in physical education classes. Blood was collected by taking venous blood of volunteer students into special tubes treated with EDTA at the end of the academic year. Studies conducted to determine changes in haematological parameters depending on the level of motor activity were performed on a “Sysmex XT-2000i” haematology analyzer and were based on the methods of hydrodynamic focusing, flow cytometry, and SLS haemoglobin. To analyze the reliability of data changes, Student’s criterion (t) was applied. The difference was significant when p < 0.05. Our studies showed that students with low motor activity show a decrease in the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, which is most pronounced at 0.4 and 0.45 g / 100 ml NaCl. The resistance of red blood cell membranes to the peroxide radical is somewhat more pronounced among students with a relatively high activity of an average of 3.7% and 2.2% respectively in male and female groups. The activity of erythrocyte membrane catalase is also higher in among students with relatively high motor activity.

Across the world, youth sports clubs are prominent and the main opportunity for engaging children and youth in physical activities. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sports club participation on actual and perceived motor competences, achievement goal perspectives, and perceptions of school physical education among Finnish third-grade children. Participants were 114 girls and 100 boys (N = 214). All children were 10-years-old, or they would turn 10-years-old during the year of data collection. The participants, based on their involvement or non-involvement in their local sports clubs, fit into four subgroups. The subgroupings were ‘never’ participated in a sports club (N = 40), ‘quit’ sports club (N = 24), active in a ‘recreational’ sports club (N = 53), and active in a ‘competitive’ sports club (N = 97). Children completed the Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder and questionnaires, assessing their perceived motor competences, achievement goal orientations, and expectancy-related beliefs and objective task values. The main finding of the study was that participation in competitive sports clubs related positively to actual and perceived motor competences, the ego goal orientation, and expectancy-related beliefs toward school physical education. Importantly, all children regardless of gender benefited equally from competitive sports participation.