The October Revolution of 1917 caused a number of war refugees who initially had clustered in the larger cities to move to the relatively safer North Caucasus region. But even this region soon be¬came an epicenter of the Russian civil war. Nevertheless, at war’s end vigorous Lithuanian communities had formed there. In this paper we pay particular attention to the formation and activities of Lithuanian communities in the North Caucasian cities of Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk. We survey some of their leaders, including Dr. Kazys Grinius, the future President of Lithuania; Juozas Avižonis, who organized the “Aušra” society joining together Lithuanians living in North Caucasus; the teachers Elvyra and Mikalina Glemžaitės; the military lawyer Juozas Papečkys, and others; and discuss their contribution to the formation of a community. We also call attention to the situation after February 16, 1918, when the declaration of Lithuanian independence changed the situation of war refugees and the process of their repatriation began. How and under what circumstances did war refugees return to their homeland? What were the relations between the Lithuanian and Polish communities? What did war refugees have in common, and what did they share in the way they organized themselves? These are some of the questions this paper seeks to answer.