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Ar asmeninio gyvenimo kontroliavimą galima laikyti smurtu artimoje aplinkoje?
Vainalavičienė, Laura |
Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas buvo nustatyti, ar asmeninio gyvenimo kontroliavimą galima laikyti smurtu artimoje aplinkoje. Atlikus analizę, buvo nustatyta, kad vyro (partnerio) asmeninio gyvenimo kontroliavimą moters atžvilgiu galima laikyti smurtu artimoje aplinkoje, nes tai pažeidžia žmogaus teisę į gyvybę, laisvę, privatų gyvenimą ir kt. Verta paminėti ir tai, kad LR BK nuostatos baudžiamosios atsakomybės dėl partnerio kontroliavimo kol kas nenumato. Atsakant į iškeltą darbo tikslą buvo remiamasi tiek Lietuvos Respublikos, tiek tarptautiniais teisės aktais, teismų praktika, moksline literatūra. Reikia pripažinti, kad partnerio asmeninio gyvenimo kontroliavimo institutas Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamąjame kodekse nėra įtvirtintas. Būtent tai apsunkina teismams tinkamai inkriminuoti nusikalstamas veikas, kuriose atsispindi kontroliuojančio elgesio požymiai. Asmeninio gyvenimo kontrolė yra pavojinga tuo, kad yra sunkiai pastebima, sisteminga ir linkusi intensyvėti veikla, sukelianti aukai sunkias psichologines pasėkmes. Išanalizavus mokslinės literatūros šaltinius, darbe atskleistos ir aprašytos pagrindinės smurto artimoje aplinkoje formos. Nustatyta, kad Lietuvos Respublikoje šeiminiais santykiais taipogi yra laikomi nesusituokusių asmenų santykiai, grindžiami emociniu prieraišumu, bendro ūkio vedimu, intymumu ir kt. Inter alia, tokius santykius gina ir saugo LR teisės aktai. Atlikus mokslinį tyrimą, baigiamojo darbo pradžioje iškelta hipotezė, kad asmeninio gyvenimo kontroliavimą galima laikyti smurtu artimoje aplinkoje, pasitvirtino. Galima teigti, kad kontroliuojantį partnerio elgesį galima laikyti smurtu artimoje aplinkoje, kadangi tai pažeidžia žmogaus teisę į gyvybę, laisvę, privatumą ir pan.
Even in ancient times, great thinkers regarded a woman as an inferior personality, unmatched in her mind by a man whom a man must control. As has become the norm, a woman is unconditionally obliged to take care of the household, the household, the children, which has become a woman’s daily inevitable burden. The prevailing gender stereotype in Lithuania today is that a woman is weaker than a man, must be obedient to him, thus inferior to a man in the social hierarchy, and power, strength and dominance in the family belong to him. It follows that the consequence of the prevalence of such a stereotype is violence against women. The problematic aspect of this work is that the institute of controlling the private life of the partner is not established in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, therefore criminal liability is not applied for such an act. It is necessary to mention that for this reason there is a risk that women suffering from controlling partner behavior will not be protected by the laws of the Republic of Lithuania and their rights will be violated. Controlling partner behavior, referred to in various sources as “terrorism in an intimate environment” or “coercive control”. This concept is not the same as the concept of mental abuse. It should be noted that isolated, occasional cases of a controlled nature may not be considered coercion, but their repetition and systematicness pose a threat to the dignity, freedom and inviolability of the person under control. In short, it is a dangerous and intensifying act and could be described as a crime against human freedom. But the biggest threat is that the man will feel that he is the master of the situation and he has managed to break the woman’s freedom will start committing crimes: he will commit physical violence or even kill.
According to the insights of legal researcher Ilona Michailovič, the loss of a woman's health or family, restriction of her rights to education, work, and career aspiration can be named as extremely painful consequences of domestic violence. These consequences can lead to degradation, antisocial or criminal lifestyle of the victim. Experiencing domestic violence causes long-term damage to a person’s psyche.
This topic is relevant because domestic violence is the most common human rights violation in today’s society. In general, violence against women is the result of gender discrimination. It is necessary to emphasize that domestic violence is still a sensitive problem in the Republic of Lithuania. Based on the 2019. According to official statistics from the country, it can be observed that women are the most common victims of domestic violence. It states that 8 out of 10 victims of domestic violence are women.
The problem has been tackled relatively recently, in 2011. The Law on Protection against Domestic Violence entered into force. For some time, insufficient attention has been paid to addressing this issue, as law enforcement agencies did not have sufficient rights to interfere in family relationships. Following the entry into force of the law, the police are obliged to initiate a pre-trial investigation in all cases, once the fact of domestic violence has been established.
Although the institute of control of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania in the immediate environment is not established as a criminal act, according to the case law, courts are already ready to protect victims of constant control of a partner and to enshrine this phenomenon in the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania. It should be emphasized that the Lithuanian court system is already shaping the practice that the status of spouses does not negate the privacy of their personal lives in relation to each other. Also, Lithuanian legal scholars are beginning to delve into the concept of close control of a partner / spouse based on the practice of foreign scholars. Thus, as can be deduced from the above reasons, all this shows the relevance of the chosen topic of the work and the need to solve certain legal problems.
Various sources are used to answer domesticism or control over private life. Special use was made of scientific articles and case law. Other sources are also used in the final work: legal acts, textbooks, jurisprudence. In analyzing the problem raised in the work, legal scholars Ramunė Jakštienė, Laima Vaigė and prof. Evan Stark's scientific works, which deal with the problem of controlling behavior in the immediate environment. It should be added that dr. In her doctoral dissertation, Ramunė Jakštienė proposes to supplement the disposition of Article 148 (1) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, stating as follows: “One who a relative, using mental abuse to the victim or his relatives, ... ”Thus, relatively little is mentioned about the legal issues of controlling behavior. Given the lack of research papers on this topic in Lithuania, the need for research or control of personal life can be considered domestic violence.
The hypothesis raised that the control of a man's or partner's private life can be considered as domestic violence has been confirmed. Based on the above, it can be stated that the control of a man's partner's or private life towards a woman can be considered as domestic violence, as it violates the human right to life, liberty, private life, etc. However, the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania do not provide for criminal liability for the control of a partner to this day. It is necessary to mention that this is considered violence only if the actions of a controlling nature are intentional, permanent in nature and cause negative consequences for the victim, such as psychological discomfort, causing fear.