Application of dominant and codominant DNA markers for Impatiens glandulifera populations from Eastern Baltic sites

Abstract

Native to South Asia, Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), was introduced to Europe in the beginning of 19th century as ornamental plant. Later on it escaped and spread in surrounding natural areas. Presently I. glandulifera belongs to the most invasive species of our continent including more northern parts. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity of I. glandulifera populations growing in some areas of Baltic States. For the study dominant (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats – ISSR) and codominant (Simple Sequence Repeats – SSR) DNA markers were selected as it is described by the other authors [1; 2]. A total of 11 I. glandulifera populations were examined (15 individuals in each population). Four ISSR markers and 9 SSR markers were employed. Fragments amplified at ISSR loci were fractionated by horizontal electrophoresis in 1.5 % agarose gel with ethidium bromide. For microsatellite analyses multiplex-PCR was performed with primers labelled by fluorescent dyes: IGNSSR101 (PET), IGNSSR210 (NED), IGNSSR240 (VIC) and A2 (FAM), IGNSSR104 (VIC), IGNSSR106 (PET), IGNSSR203 (FAM), A3 (VIC) and A21 (NED). Allele scoring was performed manually using the GeneMapper v.4.0 software (Applied Biosystems) and Fstat for Windows, V2.9.3.2 was used. This work was partly supported by projects LEK-07/2012 and VP1-3.1-ŠMM-01-V-02-003 from the Research Council of Lithuania. ISSR markers based UPGMA dendrogram for populations clearly differentiated I. glandulifera populations according to the geography into clusters. ISSR analyses indicate that highest I. glandulifera genetic diversity was found in population of the most southern location. Separation of populations according to Bayesian cluster structure analysis showed geography based relations between populations.