Mykolo Šulco „Kalba apie architektūrą“ ir meno istorija Vilniaus universitete XIX a. pirmojoje pusėje

Abstract

Kada senajame Vilniaus universitete pradėta gilintis į architektūros istoriją ir ją studijuoti, tiksliai atsakyti dar negalima. Žinoma, kad Vilniaus akademijoje architektūra dėstyta jau XVIII a., o matematikos kursuose – dar anksčiau. Apie Lauryno Gucevičiaus santykį su architektūros istorija taip pat beveik nieko nežinoma – jo paskaitų rankraštis žuvo per Antrąjį pasaulinį karą Varšuvos nacionalinio muziejaus fonduose. Istoriografijoje teigiama, kad jo programoje vyravo estetikos ir projektavimo klausimai. [...]

The subject of this research is publication Talk about architecture, issued in 1801 by Vilnius University architecture professor Michael Schulz, which was made up on the basis of a public lecture. Its purpose is to examine this book in the context of art history studies carried out in Vilnius University. The majority of M. Schulz publication (about 62% of the full-text) is dedicated for a chronological consideration of the architectural history. Only architecture’s relationship with other arts is described in the introduction and what sciences are necessary for the architects at the end. According to m. Schulz architectural origins started up with the constructions described in the Scripture, he paid a lot of attention to ancient Egypt. The author, being himself a creator of classicism, presents the further evolution of the architecture from pro-Greek positions – as a continuation of the ancient Greek art. He is critical of the deviations from classical architecture of the various epochs, especially of the Gothic, which he is calling “architecture without any rules”. An article Architecture of another architecture professor Karol Podczaszyński from Vilnius University was published in the second volume of the Glucksbergs encyclopaedia, released in Vilnius in 1838, which also presents the general overview of architecture. Attitude of both authors is essentially similar – classical, but the difference is in criticism of “negative” styles of architecture. M. Schulz was very emphatical and negative in assessment of Gothic, he considered it barbaric style, and almost did not criticise works of Baroque. On the contrary, though K. Podczaszyński did not consider the Gothic art forms rational, he admitted lightness of buildings, structural stability, harmonious proportions. [...]