Masaitienė, Dalia

Over the last few decades, genre analysis has gained a great popularity in linguistics due to the need of detailed analyses of language variation in particular contexts and for particular purposes. Scholars have carried out extensive research on different types of discourse, though plenty of newly appearing specific texts have not yet been discussed from genre analysis perspective. For example, the field of TV talk shows is so dynamic that various new sub-genres of shows appear each season on TV. As a result, different studies in this field can be carried out as well. Nowadays, TV talk shows are especially popular source for language variation based on gender studies because this genre provides a great variety of speech acts between men and women that in a way reflect language of the contemporary society. Thus, this thesis analyzes the CNN Amanpour and the BBC HARDtalk TV talk shows from genre and language perspectives. The aim of the work is to analyse these two TV talk shows with respect to genre and language characteristics. Specifically the thesis seeks to evaluate to what extent these shows correspond to the typical format of the TV talk show and evaluate them from language and gender perspective. In order to achieve the posed aim, several objectives were raised: to collect a corpus of both TV talk shows, to analyse and compare situational and structural characteristics, and to analyse and compare language specificities between men’s and women’s speech. The analysis is based on descriptive and comparative analysis methods, and findings are supported by quantitative evidence. The thesis draws on the ideas of a number of linguists and sociolinguists. The main sources are the works of Bhatia (1993; 2004; 2008), Biber and Conrad (2009), Shattuc (2007), Illie’s (1999, 2006), Coates (1993; 1998; 2013), Holmes (1995; 2001; 2013), Lakoff (1975), Talbot (1998; 2003; 2010), Tannen (1990), Eckert and McConnel-Ginet (1992; 2003; 2013), Spender (1980), Bing and Bergvall (1996), West and Zimmerman (1975; 1977; 1987), Biber et al. (1999), and many others. The findings of the research indicate that both TV talk shows have typical features of a talk show, yet there are some noticeable differences. Amanpour and HARDtalk mainly differ in the structure and the number of participants per show. However, both shows are similar in the majority of situational characteristics. The results of the Amanpour and HARDtalk shows from language in relation to gender perspective reveal that there are differences as well as similarities between males’ and females’ speech. The main differences are found in the amount of speech, the number of questions and turns, interruptions, and addressing forms. On the other hand, the use of hedges and fillers, intensifying committers and intensifiers, and adjectives is similar among males’ and females’ speech regardless to the interlocutor’s gender.

The aim of the paper is a comparative analysis of English and Lithuanian beekeeping terms from the perspective of the structure of the terms. The practical aim of the paper is to compile a glossary of English beekeeping terms. The evaluation of the situation of terminology in the subject field is also provided. 173 English terms were collected from two online sources, www.bushfarms.com, www.beesource.com and one book for beekeepers Honey bee diseases and pests: a practical guide (2006). 152 Lithuanian equivalents were collected from three main sources Bitininkystė (1933), Bitininkystės pagrindai (2014), and the translated version of an English originated book Bičių perų ligos (Honey Bee Brood Diseases) (1999). For the analysis in both languages additional sources, dictionaries, web pages, books, were used to fill in the gaps of missed information as well. The research is carried out on the basic of descriptive and comparative methods. The paper is divided into two main parts, a theoretical presentation and discussion of terminology and a practical analysis of the terms. The theoretical discussion covers two chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the background and the history of terminology, while Chapter 2 the term of concept and term are defined and explained. The practical analysis is divided into two main sections: the analysis of terms referring to the life of bees, which covers 8 sub-sections, and the analysis of terms referring to the challenges of bees, which covers two sub-sections. Finally, the eighth section provides the conclusions and the tables of the terms in the alphabetic order are provided in the appendixes. The comparison of the English and Lithuanian terminology of beekeeping revealed that the terminology in English is more flexible while in Lithuanian a number of gaps are observed, i.e. no equivalents were found for some English terms. The situation in both languages is, as revealed by the research, totally different from the perspective of the quantity and the quality of the available sources. The terms in English are available in short glossaries or a dictionary with their explanations and possible meanings. The situation in the Lithuanian language is complicated enough, as no glossaries or dictionaries of beekeeping are available. It was found that despite the shortage of sources in the Lithuanian terminology of beekeeping there are not many gaps in comparison to the English part (only 8 English terms do not have Lithuanian equivalents). The analysis of the structure of the terms in both languages showed that complex terms dominate in the English part of terminology and make 57.4%, while the Lithuanian terms are simple in more cases - 57.6%. Complex terms which are formed of two elements are the dominant complex terms in English and comprise 83%, while complex terms formed of more than two elements are represented by only15.8%. From the point of view of their meaning, both English and Lithuanian complex terms are to a large extent transparent, i.e. their meaning is predictable from the constituent components. A large number of terms are taken from general vocabulary. Often what makes the word a term is the added semantic components which expand the scope of the concept. This is most apparent in the semantic group referring to the challenges for bees. The English terms are sometimes provided with variants (the English term and the Latin term): the number of such cases comprises 3 cases presented in the list of names for the pests of bees. The highest number of gaps in the target language, four cases, appears among the terms referring to the diseases of bees, while the categories with no gaps are: terms referring to the evolution of bees, terms referring to the basic body parts, terms referring to the types of workers, terms referring to the actions of bees, terms referring to the products of bees, and terms referring to the pests of bees. Finally, the Lithuanian terms provide three cases of international terms, which are formed of elements in different languages.

Technological development very often requires new terminology to name new concepts that appear in language. Therefore, terminology as a discipline describes the methods used in term formation as well as recommendations for naming the concepts. Terminology is considered to be a separate discipline by some scholars, but others also claim that it is only a set of methodologies used for the analysis of subject field specific vocabulary. Nevertheless, it is true that terminology is an interdisciplinary subject,i.e. it borrows theories and methodologies from other linguistic subject fields, including semantics and morphology. In this paper the focus is on semantic and morphological analysis of glass art terms. The aim of the paper is to analyze English and Lithuanian glass art terms semantically and morphologically. The methods used are comparative and qualitative as well as quantitative. To achieve the aim of the paper such objectives are set: (1) to semantically and morphologically analyze the terms, (2) to compare English and Lithuanian terms, and (3) to make a glossary of the terms in both languages. The semantic analysis of the English and the Lithuanian glass art terms shows that most Lithuanian equivalents of English terms are found in semantic field of tools and equipment. Furthermore, there is a difference noticed between the number of cases of synonymy found among the English and the Lithuanian terms, although the difference is minor when looking at hyponymy relations between terms, because there are 11 cases of synonymy found among the English terms and 2 cases of synonymy found among the Lithuanian terms. However, in case of complete synonymy among the English terms there are 3 instances of such synonymy found and 2 instances found among the Lithuanian terms, whereas there are 8 instances of near synonymy found among the English terms and none found among the Lithuanian terms. While analyzing glass art terms from the morphological perspective, the terms are distinguished into simple, complex and terminological phrases by the classification that is proposed by Dubuc (1997). The analysis shows that there are no major differences between the distribution of simple terms, complex terms and terminological phrases in Eglish and Lithuanian, because in bothlanguages the half og the terms are complex, 49 and 48 percent respectively are simple terms, and only 1 and 2 percent respectively are terminological phrases. However, there are some differences in term formation patterns. In English simple terms are mostly formed using derivation, whereas Lithuanian simple terms are mostly formed using derivation and clipping. Complex terms and terminological phrases are similarly formed in both languages.

The present paper focusses on the genre of recipes, its structure and multimodality. The aim of this thesis is to present the genre of recipes from theoretical perspective and to make a practical analysis about the structure of recipes and multimodality based on Oliver’s and Nicholson’s recipes. For the practical part Jamie Oliver’s recipe book Happy Days with the Naked Chef, Beata Nicholson’s recipe book Beatos Virtuvė: Kepinių Knyga and their websites are analysed. Recipes for the analysis are chosen randomly and qualitative method is used as all of them are described and compared in order to find differences and similarities. The paper presents the concept of genre and genre analysis that is discussed by many authors and explained in great details. Further, the genre of recipes and its historical change is looked at thus the influence on the structure of recipes made by new innovations can be noticed. In addition, the ideas suggested by various authors show that this genre is structured and has clearly distinguished parts that should be included in every recipe. Finally, the issue of multimodality is presented and it is of special importance today since not only textual but also visual information is found in books and web-sites. The structural analysis of Oliver’s and Nicholson’s recipes supports the ideas of various scholars that this genre is highly structured. The main difference is found between the recipes in printed and online sources. In recipe books the structure is the following - the title, additional information about the dish, the number of serves, the list of ingredients, method and final word about the dish. Recipes in websites involve links to social websites and similar recipes, nutritional information and comments and these parts are not found in printed books because of the limited space and opportunities provided by technology. Discussion about multimodality involves images with dishes and people. Images with dishes show that they have certain similar features, for instance, a dish is usually placed in the central position and occupies most of the space, the background is blurred and light, while the dish is colourful and attracts readers’ attention and the distance between the reader and the objects in the image is close. Images of people found in recipe books portray one person or a group of people. The horizontal angle in the analysed images is front and the vertical angle is at eye level which suggests that the aim of the images is to show equal status, to minimize the distance and to make people in images more familiar. The analysis of structure suggests that the genre of recipes has particular structure and because of this reason people are able to distinguish it easily. The analysis of multimodality in pictures shows that not only textual but also visual information carry certain messages and now, as visual information is used in most of the sources, this issue is becoming important.

The aim of the present paper is to analyse gender-related language differences in two types of political debates, i.e. the English and Lithuanian political debates. The debates are available in a video format on the Internet. The whole discussion of the debates has been transcribed. Various linguistic aspects are chosen for the analysis to convey. The analysis of the debates from the gender study perspective can reveal much information about the characteristics of men and women language in the English and Lthuanian political debates. In the theoretical framework the main features of spoken discourse are presented and discussed in a greater detail. The differences of spoken and written discourse are discussed as well. Moreover, the field of study of gender language is introduced. Here the beginning of the research and different approaches to gender studies are discussed. Furthermore, the strategies which signal dominance in a spoken interaction are characterised. In addition, certain linguistic devices which are characterised as features of either men or women linguistic style are introduced. In the analytical part the examples of typical gender-language features are presented. Some of them are given in tables which are followed by a closer examination. First, the amount of talk by the speakers is analysed in both of the debates, i.e. the English and Lithuanian debates. Second, the use of hedges by male and female speakers is presented. Moreover, the analysis of the use of questions, interruptions, personal pronouns and nominalisations is carried out. In addition, the instances of unfinished sentences in the speeches of the politicians are discussed. Finally, some instances of minimal responses and topic control in the Lithuanian debates are introduced. In general, the analysis has shown some differences in the amount of talk by the politicians of different gender in both the English and Lithuanian political debates. The slight difference exists between the speakers in the use of hedges. The amount of personal pronouns and nominalisations differs in the speeches of the male and female politicians. The analysis of the use of interruptions, questions and unfinished sentences has revealed some major points in the analysis of the political debates from the perspective of gender-related language.

The aim of this paper is to analyse and compare the English computer terms and their Lithuanian translations, and to evaluate the usage of new Lithuanian computer terms. Because of a rapid growth and change of computer science, Lithuanian terminologists and translators have little time to match a term with the concept, translate it and fit it into a new terminological system. Thus, two hypotheses have been raised in this thesis: first, that most of the Lithuanian computer terms are borrowed from the English language; second, that Lithuanians tend to use the morphologically adjusted English computer terms rather than their Lithuanian equivalents. The English computer terms for the analysis have been taken from Jennifer Niederst Robbins book Learning Web Design (2007); their Lithuanian equivalents have been found in the translation of the latter book, Tinklalapių dizainas (2008). The terms have been analysed according to their structure and their formation. The situation in the usage of the Lithuanian computer terms has been checked carrying out a survey, questioning students studying in the different subject fields of study (Computer Programming and English Philology). The results have showed that complex terms prevail in the English (62%) and Lithuanian (70%) computer science terminology. Complex English terms consisting of three or more elements tend to be abbreviated to avoid cumbersome and scientific-sounding language, while the Lithuanians tend to use full phrases. In the formation of the English computer terms the methods like semantic change (31%) and morphological change (69%) are used; the most frequently mechanism is compounding (42%). In the formation of the Lithuanian computer terms, borrowing (48%), semantic change (16%) and morphological change (36%) are used. The fact that compounding is the most frequently used mechanism suggests that the meaning of the terms is usually transparent from the component parts. In addition, most of the Lithuanian computer terms have been created mirroring the definitions of the English terms, which shows that most of the terms has been created employing motivation and thus reflecting the essential characteristics of their concepts. The results of the survey have showed that the students of computer programming use Lithuanian equivalents more often than the students of English Philology.

The thesis aims to apply a Foucauldian ‘power-discourse-subject’ model to the analysis of selected American TV talk shows: Ellen DeGeneres Show, Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Show with David Letterman. Theoretical part of the thesis follows the analysis of literary sources dealing with conceptualizations of the notions expressed about discourse, power and subjectivity. In addition, since the object of the analysis includes television texts and their transcribed versions, theoretical issues of television discourse and conversation analysis are provided as well. Therefore, theoretical analysis is first of all based on the conceptualizations of discourse, power, subject and subject positions from Foucauldian and traditional perspectives. The paper also introduces a discussion of television discourse, focusing on the aspects of production and consumption of television texts. The analytical part of the thesis applies the Foucauldian notion of power, discourse and subjectivity to the six interviews, extracted from the three American TV talk shows. The aim of the analysis is two-fold. The selected interviews are analyzed as manifestations of power relations on a macro and micro level. First, the analysis of power relations on the macro level is based on considering the shows as manifestations of institutional discourse, where the aspect of control becomes evident in the patterns of structure or framing of the programmes. Second, the analysis on the micro level focuses on the manifestations of power relations on interpersonal interaction. Here, the focus is diverted to the correlations between setting and control, turn-taking and a sense of superiority, and the right to ask questions and topic control. Finally, the analysis addresses the issue of subjectivity, where interlocutors’ subject positions are revealed. The analytical part of the thesis also includes summaries of selected interviews. Transcriptions of the six interviews are provided in Appendix A.

The topic of the paper is to analyze the jokes, which describe ethnic minority groups in the USA and Lithuania, in terms of ethnicity, race, racism and stereotyping as well as pragmatics.

This paper, which consists of two parts: theoretical and analytical, deals with astronomical terminology in English and Lithuanian. In the theoretical part of the thesis the characteristic features of the English and Lithuanian terminology are discussed in general and in specific contexts. In other words, the terminology as a linguistic discipline which coins the new words, is presented and compared with other three linguistic branches: lexicology, lexicography and semantics. Then, its main constituents, such as word, term, neologism and the linguistic processes, e.g. term translation and terminological analysis are introduced and defined. Consequently, the new astronomical branches, such as archaeoastronomy, astrobiology astrochemistry, astrogeology and astrophysics which resulted from the interrelations between the sciences, are presented and discussed. In the analytical part of the thesis the selected astronomical terms, taken from the book of Dinwiddie et al. Universe and its translation Visata are analyzed according to their origins and morphological structure. Moreover, the usage of the selected astronomical terms is compared in 14 scientific fields, such as archaeology, biology, chemistry, economics, ecology, environmental studies, geodesy, geography, geology, mathematics, medicine, meteorology, military forces and physics. The analysis showed that in certain fields, the meaning of the astronomical terms undergoes changes. The aim of the paper is to research 410 terms according to their etymology and types of word formation, and, consequently, to record them into TRADOS database for multi-use. The analysis is carried using the comparative and descriptive methods. In addition, the thesis comprises two hypotheses raised at the beginning of the study on the possible inclusion of neologisms and the terms of non- classical and non-English origins into the book of Dinwiddie et al. Universe (2005) and its Lithuanian translation Visata (2006) (pp.11-215). The results of the research have shown that the analyzed book includes several neologisms and the terms of Spanish, Italian, Norse, Arabic and Inuit origins. Therefore, on the whole, both hypotheses were proven.

This thesis investigates English and Lithuanian logistics terminology and its current situation in Lithuania. The aim of the paper is to analyse English and Lithuanian terms according to their structure, origin and synonymy in order to reveal the current situation in this field. More attention is paid to the Lithuanian logistics terminology as a fairly new field, analysing the correctness of the Lithuanian terms. Another aim of the paper is to compile a glossary of English-Lithuanian logistics terms, which is presented in the form of Trados MultiTerm database. The following hypotheses have been put forward: 1) Lithuanian terms tend to be longer than English terms; 2) there are many foreign words among Lithuanian logistics terms. The theoretical aspects of terms and terminology and previous research carried out in this field are discussed in Chapter 2 Term and Terminology. History and development of terminology as a scientific field is emphasized in section 2.2. Its functions and importance is described in section 2.3. Definitions of term, different approaches towards term which exist nowadays and term classifications are revealed further in this chapter. As the chapter deals with main features of terms, the problem of synonymy and polysemy in terminology is also presented. The history of the field of logistics is introduced and discussed briefly in Chapter 3 The Field of Logistics, highlighting the main trends in logistics definitions and also focusing on logistics terminology. The analytical part, or Chapter 4 Comparative Analysis of English and Lithuanian Logistics Terms, investigates English terms taken from several English sources on logistics and their Lithuanian equivalents, found in different dictionaries, handbooks or online sources. This part is based on the theoretical material discussed in Chapter 2. Terms are analysed based on three aspects: structure (simple, complex and terminological phrases); origin (native, international, foreign and mixed terms); synonymy and polysemy. Further, possible Lithuanian equivalents found online, however, not included into the glossary due to the questionable reliability of their sources, are discussed and analysed. Moreover, corrections of Lithuanian terms are presented based on the guidance by the specialist of terminology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Angelė Kaulakienė. The results of the analysis are presented in Conclusions. One of the hypotheses has been testified, while the other has been denied, which is discussed in Conclusions together with possible further research in the field of logistics terminology.