Taikomosios ekonom., finans. ir apsk. k. / Department of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting

The object of the research is the accounting and management of trade receivables. The aim of the study is to evaluate trade receivables accounting and management practices and to develop recommendations for improving their efficiency. The objectives include analyzing the theoretical foundations of trade receivables, assessing management effectiveness using financial indicators, identifying key problem areas, and proposing improvement measures. The research methods include scientific literature analysis, document analysis, financial ratio analysis, horizontal and trend analysis, comparative analysis, graphical and tabular data presentation, case study, scenario analysis, systematization, and generalization. The study examines the concept, classification, and role of trade receivables in financial management, as well as their accounting treatment under International Financial Reporting Standards. It analyzes trade receivables management for 2020–2024, identifying issues such as longer collection periods, declining turnover, and a high share of overdue receivables. Based on the findings, recommendations are developed, including revising credit policies, introducing incentives for early payment, and strengthening credit risk monitoring systems. Scenario analysis is used to evaluate the potential impact of these measures on liquidity, expected credit losses, and receivables turnover. The research concludes that ineffective receivables management negatively affects liquidity, profitability, and financial stability, while the proposed recommendations provide both practical and scientific value for improving financial performance.

Tyrimo objektas – su darbo santykiais susiję įsipareigojimai UAB MTI „Dniprofmash“. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti teorinius ir praktinius aspektus, remiantis įmonės pavyzdžiu, ir parengti rekomendacijas jų tobulinimui. Uždaviniai: Išanalizuoti su darbo santykiais susijusių įsipareigojimų apskaitos teorinius principus ir reglamentavimą. Įvertinti šių įsipareigojimų struktūrą, dinamiką ir apskaitos ypatumus UAB MTI „Dniprofmash“. Pateikti rekomendacijas apskaitos organizavimo ir kontrolės gerinimui. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros ir norminių dokumentų analizė bei sintezė, finansinių ataskaitų vertinimas, lyginamoji analizė ir grafinis duomenų pateikimas. Tyrimo laikotarpis – 2021–2025 m. Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami teoriniai su darbo santykiais susijusių įsipareigojimų apskaitos aspektai. Antroje dalyje analizuojami UAB MTI „Dniprofmash“ duomenys ir vertinama įsipareigojimų būklė 2021–2025 m. Tyrimas parodė, kad darbo užmokesčio fondas augo nuo 4 568,0 tūkst. UAH iki 5 420,0 tūkst. UAH, bendras mokėtinas darbo užmokestis sudarė 122 %, o darbo sąnaudos – 24 % veiklos sąnaudų. Nustatyta, kad įsipareigojimai yra trumpalaikiai ir tinkamai apskaitomi, tačiau vidaus kontrolės bei atsiskaitymų procesai gali būti tobulinami. Pateiktos rekomendacijos apima apskaitos procedūrų optimizavimą, vidaus kontrolės stiprinimą ir atsiskaitymų su darbuotojais sistemos formalizavimą.

Research object is financial statements of Bi Group and its data analysis Research aim: after the provision of peculiarities of financial statement preparation and presentation of methods used for its analysis, to conduct analysis of financial statements and its data in Bi Group and to prepare the forecast of these statements in Bi Group. The objectives: - to present the peculiarities of preparation of financial statements and reveal the methods used for its data analysis; - to conduct analysis of financial statements and its data in Bi Group; - to make the forecast of financial statements and evaluate financial performance in Bi Group. Research methods: system approach, analysis and synthesis, comparison, grouping, classification, horizontal and vertical analysis, financial ratios, trend analysis, integral Altman model, methods of short-term financial forecasting, including trend extrapolation, percentage of revenue method, regression analysis and trend index analysis. The work also used artificial intelligence tools, in particular ChatGPT, to search for relevant literary sources. The thesis analyzes BI Group's financial statements for 2020–2024 and provides a short-term forecast for 2025. Assets increased more than 2.5 times, with a strategic shift from direct ownership to portfolio investments and joint ventures. Revenue and profits grew significantly in 2023–2024, yet high financial costs, debt burden, and currency risks persist. By 2024, liquidity, profitability, and business activity improved, while financial stability remains dependent on borrowed sources, typical for developers. The 2025 forecast, based on linear regression and trend methods, suggests continued positive results if current trends hold. The scientific significance lies in adapting classical analysis methods to a large construction company, and the practical significance is that the results can improve management decisions and financial analysis methodology for development organizations.

Research aim is to examine the theoretical and regulatory framework governing the accounting of financial liabilities, to analyze the accounting, structure and dynamics of debts of Organisation N, and to assess their impact on the company's financial stability in order to develop recommendations for improving debt management. Research results: In the first part, the concept and classification of financial liabilities, its accounting under IAS 32, IFRS 9 and IFRS 7, and the methods of financial stability assessment were discussed. In the second part, the financial stability and accounting information from Organisation N for 2020–2024 were analysed, indicating an improving financial stability and high level of intercompany loans. In the third part, recommendations were drawn up on the issue of improvement of the liability accounting and debt structure of Organisation N.

This thesis analyzes the impact of income on the financial performance of a company. The aim of the study is to evaluate how revenue influences profitability indicators. The research is based on financial data of "Brothers Agro Co" LLP for the period 2021–2025. Methods such as horizontal, vertical, and ratio analysis are applied. The results show significant volatility in income and a decline in profitability due to increasing costs. The study concludes that effective cost control is essential for improving financial stability.

The aim of the work is to analyse and forecast the financial results of the UAB N. The object of the work is the financial results of the UAB N. The paper examines the theoretical aspects of the concept of financial results and the range of factors that can influence their formation. The thesis considered articles of International Accounting Standards 1, 2, 16 and International Financial Reporting Standards 15 as accounting policies that affect financial results. An analysis was performed on the financial results of UAB N in 2020-2025. Using Horizontal and Vertical analysis, the percentage change in items in the Profit/Loss Statement and Balance Sheet was determined, which affected the financial result. Ratio analysis showed the company's progress in using its assets to generate sales revenue. Net profit increased significantly over the period 2020-2025, which has a positive impact on the overall characteristics of the company. For the Scenario Forecasting Method, assumptions were made regarding the inflation rate in 2025 based on the information provided on inflation rates in Europe in 2025. Forecasting of financial results showed that the base case is the most likely in the case of UAB N, because it is based on relatively stable results of past periods.

The object of the research is the accounting and efficiency of use of non-current tangible assets in AB “N”. The aim of the research is to analyze the theoretical foundations of accounting and efficiency evaluation of non-current tangible assets, assess the existing practices of AB “N”, and develop recommendations for improving accounting and asset utilization efficiency. To achieve this aim, the study examines the theoretical and regulatory framework of non-current tangible assets, analyzes the company’s accounting practices and asset efficiency using financial indicators, and formulates practical recommendations for improvement. The first part of the thesis examines the theoretical foundations of non-current tangible assets, including their concept, classification, accounting regulation, factors affecting efficiency, and methods used for performance evaluation. The second part presents an analysis of AB “N”, covering the company’s organizational and financial characteristics, accounting practices, and the efficiency of non-current tangible asset utilization. The analysis revealed several issues, including a high level of asset depreciation, insufficient renewal processes, irregular investment activity, and increasing maintenance costs. The third part proposes recommendations aimed at improving depreciation policies, strengthening asset renewal processes, implementing lifecycle asset management practices, and enhancing investment planning. The results of the scenario analysis confirmed that systematic asset renewal and increased investment could improve asset condition, operational reliability, and labor productivity. Overall, the study identified key factors limiting the efficient use of non-current tangible assets and provided recommendations to support asset modernization, improve efficiency, and ensure the company’s long-term sustainability.

The purpose of this work is to examine the essence of financial statements, the process of its preparation, and the methods used for assessing and forecasting financial stability, as well as to analyze the financial stability of Organization N. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to analyze financial statements and forecast financial stability in order to identify financial risks in a timely manner and support effective managerial decision-making. The study applies methods of scientific literature analysis, tabular and graphical data presentation, horizontal and vertical analysis, ratio analysis, trend extrapolation, percent-of-sales method, and financial ratio forecasting techniques. The theoretical part of the thesis examines the essence and types of financial reporting, the features of its preparation, as well as the concept, significance, and methods used for assessing financial stability. The practical part of the research is based on the financial data of Organization N and includes an analysis of financial statements and financial stability indicators. The results showed that the enterprise was moderately stable during 2020–2021, experienced financial instability in 2022, and gradually improved its financial position during 2023–2024. Forecasting results indicated the achievement of stable financial condition in 2025, which was confirmed by the latest published financial data. Based on the obtained results, recommendations for improving financial stability from accounting and managerial perspectives were proposed. The findings may be useful for both academic and practical financial management purposes.

Relevance of the topic. Cash is the basis of liquidity of any enterprise and ensures the continuity of its operating and financial activities. In modern conditions, effective cash management becomes especially important, since insufficient funds lead to loss of solvency, while their excess reduces the efficiency of resource use. This problem is particularly relevant for the road construction industry, which is characterized by high capital intensity, seasonality and dependence on state financing. Delays in payments from customers often cause cash gaps, which forces enterprises to attract loan capital. At the same time, ineffective accounting and management of cash flows may lead to an imbalance between liquidity and profitability. Therefore, improving accounting methodology and introducing modern cash management tools is an important practical task. Effective cash management contributes to maintaining the financial stability of the enterprise and increasing its competitiveness on the market. In addition, timely control over the movement of cash flows allows to minimize financial risks and ensure stable development of the enterprise in the long term. The object of the research is the accounting and management of cash and loans at RAYAGROBUD LLC . The aim of the research – to examine the theoretical aspects of cash and loan accounting and cash management, to analyse the current accounting methodology and cash management practices at RAYAGROBUD LLC , and to identify opportunities for their improvement. To achieve the aim, the following objectives were set: 1. To review the methodological aspects of cash and loan accounting and cash management. 2. To analyse the cash and loan accounting and cash management practices applied at RAYAGROBUD LLC . 3. To propose opportunities for improving cash and loan accounting and cash management at RAYAGROBUD LLC. Research methods. Deduction and induction were applied to analyse theoretical aspects. Horizontal and vertical analysis and ratio analysis were used to assess financial performance. Comparative analysis was applied to compare national and international standards. Elements of economic and mathematical modeling were used to justify cash management decisions. The period under research : 2021 – 2025.

Research object: the cash flow statement and the process of its preparation, analysis, and forecasting. Research aim: to examine the peculiarities of preparing the cash flow statement and the methods of its analysis, to analyse the preparation and dynamics of cash flows in LLP «N», and to develop a justified forecast of cash flows with recommendations for improving cash flow management. Objectives: 1. To examine the economic significance of cash flows, the peculiarities of preparing the cash flow statement, and the methods of cash flow analysis and forecasting. 2. To analyse the preparation, structure, dynamics, and key factors influencing operating, investing, and financing cash flows in LLP «N». 3. To prepare a forecast of future cash flows in LLP «N» and propose recommendations for improving cash flow management. Research methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, document and regulatory analysis, comparative analysis, horizontal and vertical analysis, trend analysis, ratio analysis, elements of factor analysis, and scenario-based forecasting. Research results: In the first section of the thesis, the economic essence and analytical significance of cash flows were examined. It was shown that cash flow information complements accrual-based profit indicators, since profit does not always reflect actual payment capacity. The section also presented the preparation of the cash flow statement under IAS 7 and national regulation, including the classification of cash flows into operating, investing, and financing activities, the direct and indirect methods, and the main methods of cash flow analysis and forecasting. In the second section, the preparation and dynamics of cash flows in LLP «N» were analysed. The company was identified as a large agricultural enterprise whose cash flow profile is affected by seasonality, working capital intensity, capital expenditure needs, and external financing. 5 The analysis showed that the company prepares its cash flow statement in line with the logic of IAS 7 and uses the indirect method for operating cash flow. During 2021–2025, operating cash flow remained positive, but liquidity was increasingly constrained by inventories, receivables, and growing capital expenditures. From 2023 onwards, free cash flow became negative, indicating that internally generated operating cash was no longer sufficient to fully finance both the operating cycle and the investment programme. Therefore, financing cash flow performed a compensatory role. In the third section, a forecast of the cash flow statement of LLP «N» was prepared for 2026 using a transparent driver-based approach. Under the base scenario, operating cash flow was forecast to remain positive, while investing cash outflows were expected to remain significant due to maintenance and expansion capital expenditures. The forecast showed that external financing would still be needed to support liquidity and maintain a positive closing cash balance. Scenario analysis confirmed that the company’s future liquidity mainly depends on operating cash generation, working capital absorption, capital expenditure intensity, and financing support. The practical significance of the thesis lies in identifying the key cash flow pressures of LLP «N» and linking them to forecast-oriented recommendations. The proposed measures focus on strengthening working capital management, improving receivables and inventory control, prioritising capital expenditures, aligning financing with cash needs, introducing a rolling cash budget, and coordinating export inflows with repayment obligations. Overall, the thesis confirms that the financial stability of LLP «N» depends not only on profitability, but also on the quality, timing, and controllability of cash flow formation