Darbe bus nagrinėjama šių dviejų institutų taikymo teisiniai pagrindai Lietuvoje, išsiaiškinta ar jie gali būti reglamentuojami kaip savarankiški vienas nuo kito institutai
Maleckaitė, Gabija |
Reikalavimo perleidimo institutai (cesio debitis) buvo žinomi dar Senovės romėnų teisėje. Teoriškai romėnų teisė niekuomet nepripažino iš prievolės išplaukiančio teisių perleidimo. Cesionarijui buvo suteikta tik teisminė jo interesų apsauga. Ulpianas rašė: „Nemo plus iuris as alium transferre potest quam ipse habet“ („Niekas negali perleisti kitam daugiau teisių, negu jis pats turi“). Tai principas išlikęs iki šių dienų, prireikus pradinį skolininką pakeisti nauju (expromissio) reikalauta kreditoriaus sutikimo – taip yra ir mūsų dienomis. Vis daugiau dėmesio sulaukiantis reikalavimo perleidimo institutas aktyviai naudojamas dabartinėje teisinėje sistemoje padedant žmogui siekiančiam geresnių gyvenimo sąlygų. Akivaizdu, kad LR CK yra atsivėrusi spraga regreso ir subrogacijos institutų normų išaiškinimo neatskyrime. Subrogacija (lot. subrogare) – pakeisti, išrinkti vietoje kito. Teisės terminologijoje terminas „subrogacija“ vartojamas tiek asmens, tiek daikto pakeitimui išreikšti. Teisine prasme „asmens subrogacija“ daugeliui valstybių, pavyzdžiui: Belgijos, Danijos, Vokietijos, Ispanijos, Prancūzijos, Italijos ir Austrijos, teisės sistemose reiškia vieno asmens reikalavimo teisės perėjimą kitam asmeniui. Anglijos teisė terminas „subrogacija“ reiškia procesą, kurio viena šalis pakeičiama kita, kad galėtų įgyti ir įgyvendinti savo naudai tos kitos šalies teises prieš trečiąjį asmenį. Norint atskirti institutus, juos įvardinti kaip galinčius veikti savarankiškai, svarbu suvokti subrogacijos bei regreso esmę. Subrogacijos esmė – kad draudikas sumokėjęs išmoką dėl trečio asmens kaltės įgyja teises ir pareigas žalos atlyginimo prievolėje (draudiminiai santykiai). Regreso esmė – teisės įgijimas į skolininką reikalauti tai, kas buvo sumokėta skolininko kreditoriui. Skirtumas tarp regreso ir subrogacijos yra teisės esmėje: Regreso (lot. regresus – atgalinis judėjimas, sugrįžimas) atveju atsiranda teisė, o subrogacijos atveju perduodama jau esama teisė. Antrinės sąvokos įprasmina pamatines, bei antrinės sąvokos gaunasi jog aptarnauja pamatines sąvokas (pirmines). Filosofiškai aiškinant sąvokų prasmingumą ir jų tarpusavio sąsają, nagrinėjant subrogacijos ir regreso sąvokas kiltų mintis, kad subrogacija būtų pamatinė sąvoka, o regresas antrinė žvelgiant bendrai į teisių perleidimą.
The problem that Lithuanian juridical system frequently confuses two institutions, i.e. regress and subrogation is analyzed in the Master’s Thesis “Is the Assignment of Claim to a Third Person by Regress Procedure the Subrogation?” The application was analyzed of these two institutions in Lithuanian and foreign juridical system more deeply in this project. Institutions of assignment of claim (cesio debitis) were known in the law system of ancient Rome. Theoretically Roman law never acknowledged transfer of rights arising out of the obligation. Only judicial protection of interests was granted to cessionary. Catalogue of rights which were transferred by method of cession was comprehensive. Ulpian wrote: “Nemo plus iuris as alium transferre potest quam ipse habet” (one may not transfer more legal rights than one has). The principle is still valid. If it was necessary to replace original debtor with the new one (expromissio) the creditor consent was obligatory: in the same way as today. Relevance of theme selected by me: every person wants to create financially stable life by using right transfer systems. For example: to transfer own rights for payment and to use the received money for different purposes like business establishment or investments. Institutions of assignment of claim guarantee protection which reduces risk to remain in losing situation. Access of Lithuania to European Union revealed new ways to the period of rapid development of economy. Therefore institution of assignment of claim is actively used in the current juridical system for helping the persons who strive for better life. In my opinion, Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania contains a gap: explanation of the norms of regress and subrogation institutions is not separated. Subrogation (Lat. Subrogare) means to replace, to elect for replacement. Word “Subrogation” originated from Latin word “surrogate” (Lat. Surrogatus – suggested for replacement). Term “subrogation” is used for expressing both person’s and thing’s replacement in the law terminology. Legally “personal subrogation” means transfer of one person’s right to other person, to be called assignee, and payment by this assignee to the assignor in the juridical systems of many states - for example Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Italy and Austria. Meaning of this term is similar in states of united legal system. In English law the term “subrogation” means process where one party is replaced by other party in order to purchase and implement to its own benefit the rights of the first party against the third party. In the stated of united law system the term is widely spread in legal insurance relations, therefore the dictionaries of legal terms contain alternative definition: transfer of the insured’s rights into compensation of damages to the insurer after payment of insurance benefit to the insured. Many terms and provisions of legal doctrine came from the law of ancient Rome. The law of ancient Rome provided that transfer of some exclusive rights related only to person was not allowed. Process institution which also originated from the law of ancient Rome also had significant influence on development of law. Agency ground of the process institution was agency agreement (mandate magendi) between the creditor (cedento) and person to whom the right is transferred (cessionary). In order to separate the institutions and to call them as independent, it is important to understand the essence of subrogation and regress. Subrogation essence is that the insurer which paid benefit due to fault of the third party acquires the right and duty related to damage compensation liability (insurance relations). Essence of regress is acquiring of right to claim from the debtor the debt unpaid to the creditor. But these two forms are not identical. Difference between regress and subrogation are in essence of the law: in case of regress the right originates and in case of subrogation the existing right is transferred. Secondary conceptions give a sense to and “service” the basic (original) ones. Philosophical explanation of the terms and their mutual relation when analysing terms of subrogation and regress allows consideration that subrogation is a basic conception and regress is secondary when considering the transfer of rights in general. In order to answer the problem legal question of the Master’s Thesis, if the assignment of claim to the third person by procedure of regress is subrogation, I will mention some essential differences which allow statement that institutions are separate: 1) In case of regress a new claim right emerge but not the persons are replaced. Briefly, in case of regress, new claim of right emerge and in case of subrogation an existing right is transferred. 2) In case of regress one obligation is replaced by other obligation which is derivative from the first obligation. And in case of subrogation the persons (parties) changes, but the obligation remains unchanged. 3) In case of subrogation, the subrogation is a measure which allows the third person to compensate the expenses which he/she/it incurred when fulfilling obligation instead of debtor, for the third person who/which fulfilled obligation instead of debtor. It can be said that subrogation returns the person into initial financial position in regard to the third person by reinstating the third person’s material interest which was changed due to fulfilment of obligation to the creditor instead of the debtor. 4) Right of claim can be assigned to the third person, which/who may be unrelated to the obligation from which claim arises, by subrogation procedure (but also he/she/it can be related, for example, in case provided of the Civil Code it can be solidary debtor). Regress (recourse) right occurs to the person who is a debtor under the principal obligation. When the principal obligation ceases this person becomes creditor in this obligation. Cases judged in practice by the Supreme Court of Lithuania where applicable subrogation and regress cases were not separated caused situation that limitation terms are calculated improperly. Paragraph of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania provides that the assignment of claims arising from regressive obligation shall start its run from the moment when the principal obligation is performed, and the Article 1.128 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania provides that the substitution of persons in an obligation shall not affect the course of prescription – the time-limit and the procedure of its calculation. According to comments of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, subrogation concept is wrongly identified as the regress. Subrogation is transfer of creditor’s right of claim to the third person for the fulfilment of the obligation by the third person instead of debtor (the obligation remains the same and subrogation may be defined both in the contract and in the law). Content of subrogation is similar to that of cession. Transfer of right to the third person may occur also in regard to the principle of justice, not only when creditor expresses such wish. Every cession under the law is also subrogation but reverse relation sometimes is invalid. In case of subrogation (as basic conception) the conclusion may be made that it provides possibilities to operate in derivative form for the secondary conception (regress). But subordination relation between subrogation and regress sometimes does not exist.