Ar esant ginčui tarp tėvų dėl vaiko gyvenamosios vietos nustatymo, vaiko pilietybė gali įtakoti jo gyvenamąją vietą su vienu iš tėvų?
Urbonaitė, Karolina |
Daugėja sąjungų, kuriose partneriai turi skirtingas pilietybes, tačiau nemaža dalis tokių šeimų taip pat nutraukia santuoką ar gyvena skyrium. Sunkiau, kai tokiose šeimose yra vaikai, nes reikia nuspręsti, su kuriuo iš tėvų vaikas ar vaikai gyvens. Tėvams neradus taikaus sprendimo – šį ginčą sprendžia teismas. Todėl šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe iškeltas tikslas - išnagrinėti, vaiko pilietybės kriterijaus teisinę įtaką, kuomet teismas sprendžia ginčą dėl vaiko gyvenamosios vietos nustatymo su vienu iš tėvų, kuris turi tokią pat pilietybę kaip ir vaikas, atžvilgiu. Darbą sudaro 5 pagrindinės dalys. Pirmoje dalyje aptariama šeimos samprata ir vieta visuomenės ir valstybės gyvenime. Taip pat apibrėžiama vaiko samprata bei kokiais kriterijais vaikas skiriasi nuo suaugusio asmens ir kokią reikšmę turi šeima vaiko gyvenime. Antroje dalyje apžvelgiami pagrindai, kuomet yra būtina nustatyti vaiko gyvenamąją vietą su vienu iš tėvų, kai tėvai gyvena skyrium. Trečioje dalyje apibūdinamos pilietybės bei jus soli principo sampratos. Ketvirtoje dalyje analizuojamas geriausių vaiko interesų principas, kuriuo teismas remiasi priimdamas sprendimą dėl vaiko gyvenamosios vietos nustatymo su vienu iš tėvų. Taip pat šioje dalyje yra įvertinama vaiko pilietybės kriterijaus, nustatant vaiko gyvenamąją vietą su vienu iš tėvų, įtaka teismo sprendimo priėmimui vieno iš tėvų, kurio pilietybė tokia pati kaip ir vaiko, atžvilgiu. Penktoje dalyje apžvelgiama užsienio šalių praktika nustatant vaiko gyvenamąją vietą su vienu ar abiem tėvais, kuomet tėvai gyvena skyrium. Darbe iškelta hipotezė, jog kilus tėvų ginčui dėl vaiko gyvenamosios vietos nustatymo, vaiko pilietybė nėra teisiškai reikšmingas faktas, kuris įtakotų vaiko gyvenamosios vietos nustatymą su vienu iš tėvų, kurio pilietybė tokia pati kaip ir vaiko, atžvilgiu, pasitvirtino.
Both, in international and in national law the significance of family institution is extremely wide-ranging, there are no groups or institutions equal to the family institution, it is the corner stone of society and of each state. Family is also very important in child's life. Children are a special group of persons who until their age of majority or their emancipation do not have a complete freedom of action, i. e.: the right to act as they wish, therefore their parents are responsible for the protection and implementation of their rights. Starting from their infancy till their parents are no longer responsible for them, children spend the majority of their lives in a family and here they firstly form their personality and point of view towards the world; therefore, the family can be named as the basis of everything, on which depends further success of a child's life. Despite the fact that children have an inalienable right to grow up with both parents, in a case of a divorce, this right is not ensured. It was established imperatively that in a case of divorce between parents or in a case when they live separately, it is very important to resolve the issue concerning with which parent the child will live because the residence of a child in Lithuania is attributed to only one parent and the other parent is granted the communication right. They are granted the right of amicable settlement of this issue, but if they do not compromise and in order to ensure the protection of a child's interests, the residence of a child is determined by the court following the principle of the best interests of the child. However, this principle does not have a unified definition because each situation of life separately or of a divorce is different; therefore, the interests of children in each such case are also different. Increasing migration results in a growing number of children who are born in a marriage contracted between people having different citizenships or children born to unmarried parents; however, such families also terminate their marriage or live separately and there is a need to determine with which parent the child will live. The main aim of the paper is to investigate the influence of a child's citizenship when the court judges the dispute regarding the establishment of a child's residence with one of the parents who has the same citizenship as a child. To achieve the main aim of the work the following tasks need to be done: to define the notion of family institution and its place in social and public life; to define the notion of the child and the meaning of the family in a child's life; to discuss the basis on which the establishment of the residence of a child with one of the parents is based; to define the notions of the citizenship and the principle of jus soli; to analyse the principle of the best interests of the child which is the basis of the establishment of the residence of a child with one of the parents when parents live separately by analysing judgements of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, Lithuanian and foreign literature and the case-law; to assess the importance of the citizenship of a child on the establishment of the residence of a child with one of the parents; to review case-law of other countries of establishment of residence of a child with one of the parents. The hypothesis of the present final thesis that in a case of a dispute between parents regarding the establishment of the residence of a child, the citizenship of a child in not a legally relevant fact which would have influence on the establishment of the residence of a child with one of the parents whose citizenships is the same as the child's was confirmed. The conclusions are: There is no unified definition of the family because family is not a static institution. Conclusion of marriage is only one of the basis on which family relationships develop. However, the outlook of family members towards each other, behaviour within the family and commitment to each other are essentially important. The notion of the child is linked with his age, physical, social, mental, emotional and psychological immaturity. The laws of the Republic of Lithuania establish the age limit, i. e.: the age limit of 18 years old (due to invalidity it might be older persons), until which they are considered as children and the state is responsible for protecting their interests. A child spends the biggest part of his life in his family because it is the family, where the a child's personality develops first, therefore we can call the family the base of everything which ensures further success in life. In a case of a dispute between parents regarding with whom the child should live, the court addresses this question in presence of the following basis of divorce or of life separately, when: a marriage is not valid, a marriage is terminated, a decision of separation is taken or when a child is born to unmarried parents who can't decide with whom the child should live. Citizenship is the connection between a person and the state. Citizenship is granted when a person is born (filiation): by applying jus soli or jus sanguinis principles or by the process of naturalisation. The principle of jus soli is regarded as state's liberal view on the citizenship. Usually, when jus soli principle is applied in a country, a double citizenship is granted as well. The court, when establishing or changing the place of residence of a child (children) with one of the parents must follow the principle of the best interests of the child. In each case, the court must assess the best interests of the child individually with regard to all elements of the content of interests without distinguishing any of them as the most important and having crucial significance. Also, these interests are stressed as the most important with regard to other interests when deciding on questions involving children. The citizenship of a child, when establishing the residence of a child, in not a legally relevant fact which would have influence on the establishment of the residence of a child with one of the parents whose citizenships is the same as the child's. As the court settles the dispute between the parents regarding the establishment of the residence of a child, the interests of the child, rather than his citizenship are the most important. In Lithuania, when parents live separately, the residence of the child is established only with one of the parents. However, according to the law of Canada, the State of New York and France, it is possible for a child to live with both parents. Nevertheless the establishment of a double residence of a child cannot be contrary to his interests. The following favourable conditions must be present: parents wish; small distance between the houses of both parents; parents ability to cooperate with each other; parent's ability to provide such living condition that would be appropriate to a child; eligibility of both parents to meet child's needs, etc.