Ar aborto atveju moters teisė į privatų gyvenimą nepažeidžia vaisiaus teisės į gyvybę?

Abstract

Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tema ar moters teisė į privatų gyvenimą nepažeidžia negimusio vaisiaus teisės į gyvybę yra labai jautri visuomenės atžvilgiu, susilaukianti daugybę prieštaringų nuomonių. Teismų skirtingi ir dviprasmiški sprendimai įrodo, jog yra be galo sunku priimti galutinį ir konkretų sprendimą. Todėl darbe siekiama išsiaiškinti ar besilaukiančios moters teisė nutraukti nėštumą (siejama su teise į privatumą), nepažeidžia taip prieštaringai vertinamos negimusio vaisiaus teisės į gyvybę, ar jo interesai gali būti subalansuoti su moters teisėmis, ar netgi iškeliami aukščiau. Kadangi moksliškai yra svarstytinos trys pagrindinės teorijos nustatančios negimusio vaisiaus statusą ir jam suteikiamas teises, tai suteikia pagrįstą pagrindą manyti, jog yra privaloma konkrečiai sureguliuoti ir įteisinti vaisiaus teisių ribas neapsiribojant nacionaliniu mastu. Darbo temai išsiaiškinti pirmiausia buvo aptariamos teisės į privatumą ribos bei galimumas besilaukiančios moters atžvilgiu. Antra, buvo reikalinga aptarti negimusio vaisiaus statusą, jam suteikiamas teises dar negimus ir kaip kiekvienu atveju tos teisės paveikia teisinius santykius su motina bei kokį poveikį tai daro teisiniam reguliavimui nacionaliniu mastu, ko pasekoje yra sukuriamos atitinkamos pozityviosios pareigos valstybei. Išanalizavus tiek teismų praktiką, tiek įstatymus nacionaliniu bei Europos Sąjungos mastu matyti, jog tiek moters teisės į privatumą tiek negimusio vaisiaus teisės į gyvybę subalansavimas yra galimas. Tačiau subalansavimo ribas savarankiškai nusistato pačios valstybės savo teisiniame reguliavime. Atlikus teismų praktikos, teisės aktų, mokslinės literatūros, straipsnių loginę, lyginamąją ir sisteminę analizę, darbe keliama hipotezė, kad moters teisė į privatumą pažeidžia vaisiaus teisę į gyvybę, nepasitvirtino. Yra svarbu suteikti moteriai apsisprendimo galimybę, išlaikant moters teisę į privatumą. Panaikinus tokią galimybę yra pripažinta, jog sulaukiama nehumaniškų sprendimų iš valstybės institucijų moters atžvilgiu. Pabrėžtina, kad visiškas moters ir negimusio vaisiaus teisių subalansavimas vien dėl vaisiaus teisės į gyvybę nėra pakankamas pagrindas atimti iš moters teisę į privatumą.

The theme of this master thesis is very sensitive to society, having a plenty of various opinions. Both the European Court of Human Rights and the Lithuanian courts takes on different and ambiguous judgments which proves that it is extremely difficult to make a definitive and concrete decision. Therefore, the aim of the work is to determine whether the woman's right to terminate pregnancy (associated with the right to privacy), do not violates so pretentious valued right of the unborn fetus to life, does his, comparable as a full-fledged entity, interests can be balanced with women's rights, or valuable even higher. Whereas scientifically there are three theories being considered, which determines the status of the unborn fetus and the rights granted to him, it gives a reasonable basis to believe, that it is obligatory to make a specific adjustment and justify the limits of fetus rights higher than to the national level. To analyze master thesis theme first of all there was discussed right to privacy limitations and availability in relation to a pregnant woman. Secondly, was needed to discuss unborn fetal status, the rights granted to him and how in every case those rights affects relation with his mother and what effect does this make to national legal regulation resulting an appropriate positive obligations for the nation. After investigation of case law, legislation in nationally and The European Union scale, we can see that the woman's right to privacy and the right of the unborn fetus to life balancing is possible. However nations must determine balancing limits in their legal regulation by themselves. After having analyzed case law, lagislation, scientific literature and articles using logical, comparative and systematic analysis, got to the conclusion that in the case of abortion the woman's right to privacy does not hurt the right of a fetus to life has been approved. It is important to give women the opportunity to choose, while maintaining the right of a woman to privacy as a full-fledged entity. Eliminating such a possibility to choose leads to non-human decisions from nation institutions to women. It is important to highlight that absolute woman and fetus rights balancing just for fetal right to life is not enough basis deduct woman's right to privacy. First of all, the text presents that the woman's right to privacy is one of the basic human rights, which can be limited only in exceptional cases. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania guaranteed this right, and often, courts by their decisions admits that these legislation includes and woman decisions about their pregnancy and what to do with 5

it. It is important to mention that considering about these rights balancing question, often courts opinions differ. However the result of the study show, that in Lithuania legislation have quite a lot of gaps. Abortion regulation is quite narrow, not clarify all existing problems. That is why it should be given bigger attention to abortion theme in Lithuania. International courts avoids to answer is the unborn child is a human and leaves that question open for nations. So in this case that decide every nation individually by setting the rules for abortion procedures, which shows from which period unborn child is protected. Having analyzed Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania article 19, we can affirm that unborn fetus is not recognized as human being and not fall under this article protection also. So we can say that nation do not have a positive obligations to ensure fetus right to life. Talking about balancing these rights there was accepted conclusion that there are less undesirable consequences when women's rights to privacy are withheld, leaving for her the right to choose what to do with pregnancy. Whereas after analyzing case law, situation in Ireland, was noticed that when these rights are absolute balanced in nation starts unrest. Women migrate to another countries to take abortion procedure in which women have right to choose and terminate their pregnancy. Also increases number of illegal abortions, women decide to use pharmaceuticals, which can really harm their health. Balancing the rights of a woman to privacy and the rights of an unborn child to life can lead to ridiculous situations, for example, when woman is left by her nation without any help and support even in cases when she is carrying dead fetus inside her and institutions refuses to do abortion argumenting that it would violate nations legislation. Or even when pregnant woman dies, institutions refuses relatives will and by force maintains woman‘s life because there is a minimum opportunity that child can born alive. These are only few examples of what pregnant woman rights and fetus rights balance can lead to. That is why it is very important to determine these rights boundaries not only nationally, but to affirm the women right to choose about their pregnancy on the European Union level.