| Abstract: | Šiame darbe siekiama atsakyti – ar asmeninės materialinės atsakomybės įtvirtinimas Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nariams užtikrintų atsakomybės neišvengiamumą. Darbas aktualus todėl, kad ši tema yra iš esmės nenagrinėta, kadangi trūksta tiek mokslinių darbų, tiek teismų praktikos.
Norint atsakyti į darbe iškeltą klausimą dėmesys buvo skiriamas ir teorinei, ir praktikinei problemos pusei. Todėl, analizuojant teismų jurisprudenciją ir praktikoje susidariusias problemas, buvo siekiama nustatyti, ar dabartinis Lietuvos Respublikos teisinis reglamentavimas, numatydamas Vyriausybės nariams teisinę neliečiamybę dėl valstybei ar institucijoms padarytų nuostolių, nepažeidžia atsakomybės neišvengiamumo principo.
Atskleidžiant temą, pasirinkta trijų dalių darbo struktūra. Pirmiausia buvo nagrinėjamas teisinės atsakomybės neišvengiamumo principas pagal dabartinį Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės narių teisinį reguliavimą. Tuomet atskleidžiamas materialinės atsakomybės institutas ir šios atsakomybės taikymo galimybės Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės ministrams. Antroje dalyje analizuojama teisinės neliečiamybės reikšmė: imuniteto samprata, atsiradimo prielaidos ir ministrams taikomo imuniteto pagrindimas. Trečioje darbo dalyje nagrinėjamas Vyriausybės nairiams taikomas teisinės atsakomybės institutas užsienio šalyse. Be to, atskleidžiamos materialinės atsakomybės taikymo problemos ministrų atveju. Darbo pabaigoje pateiktos išvados ir rekomendacijos, siūlant apsvarstyti dabartinį teisinį reguliavimą ir papildyti nauju teisiniu reglamentavimu.
Analizuojant teisės aktus, nustatyta, kad ministrai atlieka dvejopo tipo funkcijas: veikia kaip politikai, priimdami Vyriausybėje kolegialius sprendimus, ir kaip administratoriai, vykdydami vidaus administravimo funkcijas ministerijose. Todėl teisinės neliečiamybės instituto taikymas yra objektyviai nepateisinimas tuo atveju, kai ministrams suteikiama teisė vykdyti ministerijos administravimo funkcijas pagal savo nuožiūrą, tačiau neprisiimant asmeninės materialinės atsakomybės už kilusius nuostolius. Atlikta ministrų teisinės atsakomybės analizė parodė, jog Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nariai iš dalies pažeidžia atsakomybės neišvengiamumo principą padarius nuostolių valstybei ar institucijoms, kadangi nėra numatytos asmeninės materialinės atsakomybės.
Application of legal liability is one of the component elements of the legal framework. The most relevant legal liability in this work - the institute of material liability, which functions as a measure of educational nature in order to reduce the opportunities for corruption. This Thesis analyses the legal liability of one of the main and the most significant executive authorities of the republic of Lithuania, i.e. the Government, or also called as the Cabinet of Ministers. This theme is new and relevant, because the institute of legal liability of the government members in Lithuanian law is a topic, which has not been substantially studied yet.
The government members act both as politicians by developing the policy of the state and as administrators by leading the ministries appointed individually; therefore, they are not obligated to assume any legal liability for losses inflicted on the state or institutions.
Legal inviolability, i.e. immunity, must be applied to the Government as to the institution making collegial decisions. Because politically-significant decisions are made with majority voting, consequently, application of individual material liability would conflict with the current national rules adopted in accordance with the Constitution. However, it is said that the principle of inevitability is violated when not applying the institute of individual material liability to the ministers carrying out national administrative functions.
LR case law develops a new law precedent of court, which raises debatable issues regarding to the contradiction to the current legal regulation of ministers’ liability. Namely, it is the application of individual material liability to a minister who carries out national administrative functions, as well as the requirement to compensate losses inflicted on the state. The circumstances when the body applying the law and the legislature considers the institute of the liability of the Government Members differently create legislative loopholes which cannot exist in the legal regulation.
The legal regulations of foreign countries show that it is sufficient for the government and ministers to have political responsibility, and, then, inevitability of liability shall not be applied to them. However, the system of the Government is of a complicated operation, and for this reason, it is important to regulate the institute of the personal legal liability of ministers carrying out administrative functions that it would become an effective tool for impeding illegal activities or damages caused by misuse of powers within the scope of the Government.
The hypothesis of this Thesis is that consolidation of personal material liability to the members of LR Government Members ensures inevitability of liability.
In order to answer the question provided in this Thesis, the focus was given to both the theoretical and practical sides of the problem. Therefore, when analysing the jurisprudence of court and practical problems, it was striven to establish if the current legal regulation of the Republic of Lithuania supposing legal immunity to the Government Members in cases of losses inflicted on the state or institutions, did not violate the principle of inevitability of liability.
First of all, the Thesis investigates the principle of inevitability of liability pursuant to the current legal regulation of LR Government Members. Then, it indicates the institute of material liability and the possibilities of the application of this liability to the ministers of LR Government. The second section analyses the meaning of legal immunity: the conception of immunity, assumptions of its origin and substantiation of the immunity applied to the ministers. The third part of the Thesis studies the institute of legal liability used for Governments in foreign countries. Moreover, it shows the problems of the application of material liability in case of ministers. The end of the Thesis contains its conclusions and recommendations by suggesting to consider the current legal regulation and to consolidate a new legal regulation.
The performed analysis of the legal liability of the ministers shows that LR Government Members violate partly the principle of inevitability of liability in cases of losses inflicted on the state or institutions, because no personal material liability is proposed. Taking into consideration that LR Government Members act both as politicians and persons fulfilling the activities of national administration, application of inevitability of liability is not proportional in these two cases. Besides, it should be noted that the most part of losses, i.e. material damages, is made by the ministers carrying out national administrative functions by misusing the granted rights and it is necessary to consider and take measures in order to properly and effectively regulate the issue of legal liability to the minister fulfilling the national administration.
After carrying out a scientific research, it is recommended to solve this problem by legislatively establishing personal material liability to the ministers for the damages made due to making illegal decisions when fulfilling national administrative functions. |
