Ar galimybė pasikeisti lytį tik medicininiu būdu nepažeidžia asmens teisės į privatų gyvenimą?

Teisė pasikeisti lytį - viena iš asmens privataus gyvenimo sudedamųjų dalių, kurios įgyvendinimas priklauso nuo valstybėje egzistuojančio teisinio reguliavimo. Tokia galimybė atpažįstama ir Lietuvoje, kurią numato Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso 2.27 straipsnis, leidžiantis asmeniui pasikeisti lytį tik medicininiu būdu. Visgi dėl specialaus įstatymo, numatančio tinkamą teisės į lyties pakeitimo tvarką ir sąlygas, trūkumo nėra išaiškinama medicininio būdo sąvoka ir kaip ši teisė turėtų būti įgyvendinama. Todėl susidariusią įstatyminę spragą taiso Lietuvos Respublikos teismai, vertinantys translyčio asmens lyties pasikeitimo ir teisinio pripažinimo faktą individualiai. Visgi Lietuvoje teismų sprendimai, lyties keitimo ir teisinio pripažinimo pagrindu, yra neatsiejami nuo asmens medicininių duomenų vertinimo. Iš teiktų lyties keitimo tvarką ir sąlygas reglamentuosiančių įstatymo projektų matyti, jog privalomų medicininių intervencijų, tokių kaip chirurginė lyties keitimo operacija, atsisakoma, tačiau išlieka nustatytos transseksualumo diagnozės reikalavimas, kaip išankstinė sąlyga teisiškai tapti pripažintam dėl pasikeitusios lyties. Todėl pagrindinė darbo problema pasireiškia tuo, jog valstybei įtvirtinus galimybę pasikeisti lytį tik medicininiu būdu, asmenys, nenorintys atlikti tokių procedūrų, yra pasmerkiami būti nepripažintais teisiškai, gyvenant su civilinės būklės aktų įrašais, atitinkančiais tik biologinę lytį ir ignoruojančiais tokių asmenų lytinę tapatybę. Darbo tikslas – išanalizavus nacionalinius ir tarptautinius teisės aktus, teismų praktiką, mokslinius tyrimus bei tarptautinius žmogaus teisių standartus, įvertinti, ar įtvirtinus galimybę pasikeisti lytį tik medicininiu būdu užtikrinama žmogaus teisė į privatų gyvenimą. Darbe iškelta hipotezė, jog galimybė pasikeisti lytį tik medicininiu būdu pažeidžia asmens teisę į privatų gyvenimą, pasitvirtino. Valstybei įtvirtinus privalomą medicininio būdo reikalavimą lyties keitimo ir teisinio pripažinimo pagrindu, kėsinamasi į asmens psichologinį ir fizinį vientisumą, patenkantį į privataus gyvenimo užtikrinimo sritį. Todėl, šiuo atliktu tyrimu, galima teigti, jog galimybė pasikeisti lytį, numatant išankstines medicinines procedūras, galinčias sukelti asmens sterilumą bei medicininių duomenų vertinimą, į kurį patenka ir diagnozės nustatymas, pažeidžia asmens teisę į privatų gyvenimą.

The right to change gender is one of the components of a person's private life, the implementation of which depends on the existing legal regulation in the state. Such a possibility is also recognized in Lithuania, which is provided for in Article 2.27 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which allows a person to change gender only in a medical manner. However, due to the lack of a special law providing for the right to appropriate gender reassignment, the concept of medical method and how this right should be implemented is not clarified. Therefore, the created legal gap is corrected by the courts of the Republic of Lithuania, which assess the fact of the transgender person's gender change and legal recognition individually. Nevertheless, in Lithuania, court decisions, on the basis of gender reassignment and legal recognition, are inseparable from the evaluation of personal medical data. The submitted draft laws regulating the procedure and conditions of gender reassignment show, that compulsory medical interventions, such as gender reassignment surgery, are abandoned, but the requirement of a definite diagnosis of transsexuality remains as a precondition for becoming legally recognized due to gender reassignment. The main problem of the work is that when the state establishes the possibility to change gender only medically, individuals who do not wish to perform such procedures are condemned to be legally unrecognized by living with civil status records corresponding only to biological sex and ignoring their gender identity. However, the complete abolition of compulsory medical treatment in the context of legal gender recognition makes it more difficult for transgender people to integrate into society, for example through the use of public toilets, when the transgender individual is not corresponding to the binary system. Also, transgender athletes who have not undergone any medical procedures for gender reassignment may violate the principle of fair competition in sports. The relevance of the work is manifested in the fact that persons seeking to change their civil status records are forced to go to court in civil proceedings and prove the facts justifying their gender reassignment after medical procedures. However, the established possibility of legal gender recognition only medically in Lithuania, is not ensured due to the lack of regulation for medical procedures to trans individuals who seek to perform such procedures, but also prevents recognition of those who do not associate their gender reassignment with medical measures. The aim of the study: after analysing national and international legislation, case law, scientists researches and international human rights standards, assess, whether the establishment of the possibility of gender reassignment only medically ensures the human right to private life. The hypothesis raised in the work that the possibility to change gender only medically violates a person's right to private life has been confirmed. When the state establishes a mandatory requirement of a medical method on the basis of legal gender recognition, the psychological and 3 physical integrity of a person, which falls within the scope of ensuring private life, is encroached upon. Therefore, this study suggests that the possibility of gender reassignment by providing for pre- existing medical procedures that may lead to individual sterility, as well as the evaluation of medical data, which includes diagnosis, violates an individual's right to privacy. Legal question at work: Whether the possibility of changing gender only medically violates a person's right to private life? The object of the research is the vulnerability of the private life of a person wishing to change his / her gender, after establishing the recognition of the right to legal gender recognition only in a medical way. The aim of the study is to analyse whether national and international legislation, case law, scientists researches and international human rights standards, to assess whether the establishment of the possibility to change gender only medically ensures the human right to private life. Work tasks: 1. to find out the reasons for the non-adoption of a law providing for the conditions and procedure for gender reassignment by analysing the submitted drafts of such a law; 2. to analyse practice of Lithuania courts and the ECtHR in the context of gender reassignment as a right to private life; 3. to find out the shortcomings and necessity of diagnosis as an imperative condition for legal gender recognition; 4. to find out the negative aspects of gender reassignment when a person has not undergone any medical procedures that may result in problems with the use of public places or participation in sports; 5. to analyse and compare the practice of gender reassignment in foreign countries and its compatibility with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and international human rights standards in the context of ensuring privacy. The hypothesis of the work: possibility to change gender only medically violates a person's right to private life.