Ar gydytojas, už savo veiksmus atliekant profesines pareigas, turi atsakyti pagal baudžiamąjį kodeksą?

Gydytojo profesija kiekvieną dieną iš medicinos specialisto reikalauja didelio susikaupimo ir atsakingumo, nes būtent jų rankose yra sprendžiamas žmogaus likimas, gyvybės ir mirties klausimai. Netinkamai atlikus veiksmus, profesinėje srityje, ko pasekoje paciento sveikatai ar gyvybei kyla žala, neretai gydytojui iškyla galimybė taikyti baudžiamąjį kodeksą, tačiau ar visada jis turėtų būti taikomas? Šiame darbe analizuojama, kokius esminius elgesio standartus turi atitikti gydytojo atliekami veiksmai profesinėje srityje. Taip pat darbe yra aiškinamasi, kokios veikos gali užtraukti baudžiamąją atsakomybę gydytojui bei kokias sąlygas turi atitikti gydytojų padaryta veika, norint ją vadinti nusikalstama. Darbe analizuojama, medicininė klaida santykyje su baudžiamąją teise, nustatoma, kokie yra skirtumai tarp klaidos ir komplikacijos medicinoje bei aiškinamasi ar toks atsakomybės taikymas gydytojams nepažeidžia ultima ratio principo. Negana to, darbe diskutuojama, su kokiomis grėsmėmis ir pavojais yra susiduriama taikant baudžiamąją atsakomybę gydytojui ir aptariama, kokios naujojo žalos be kaltės modelio nuostatos gali padėti išspręsti išvešėjusias problemas dėl atsakomybės didinimo gydytojams. Atlikus įvairių mokslininkų straipsnių analizę bei išanalizavus Lietuvos teisės aktus paaiškėjo, jog gydytojas, už savo veiksmus atliekant profesines pareigas, tam tikrais atvejais turi atsakyti pagal baudžiamąjį kodeksą, tam tikrai atvejais ne. Atsakyti turi, kai nesilaikoma bendrojo gydytojo veiksmų standarto etinių ir teisinių nuostatų, kai atlikta veika atitinka baudžiamosios atsakomybės būtinąsias sąlygas. Atsakyti neturi jei netinkamą veiksmą lėmė tokie objektyvūs veiksniai už kuriuos gydytojas tiesiogiai nebuvo atsakingas, ar nuo jo jie nepriklausė - nebuvo galimybės jų išvengti.

The medical profession requires a great deal of concentration and responsibility from the medical professional every day, because it is in their hands that the fate of human, life and death are decided. Improper professional practice often leads to the possibility for a doctor to apply the Penal Code, but should it always be applied? This work analyzes what essential standards of behavior must be met by a doctor's actions in the professional field. The paper compares the evaluation of doctors' actions in common and civil law countries when a physician carelessly takes the life of a patient. Besides, the work analyzes such moral and ethical duties of a doctor as to improve professional qualifications, to provide the patient with information about the treatment and his / her health condition, not to disclose to other persons confidential information about the patient's health condition. The paper explains whether a doctor will not be punished for unethical behavior if codes of ethics do not provide for sanctions. The following legal duties are analyzed in the work: the duty of care, the duty to make maximum efforts, the duty to be constantly interested in the latest medical practice. The question in the work is whether the doctor has to guarantee the patient the result of the treatment? Should the doctor be held liable if the result of the treatment is not achieved? Likewise, the paper explains what acts can lead to criminal liability for a doctor and what conditions must be met by an act committed by doctors in order to call it a criminal offense. The work raises an issue of whether suicide aid should be classified as an act for which the doctor is criminally liable, as this act is often confused with euthanasia. Based on the case law of Lithuanian courts, the following examples are given when a doctor can be prosecuted for a serious health disorder. Moreover, the paper analyzes the practice of foreign countries associated with a serious health disorder when prescribing doping. The paper analyzes acts such as illegal abortion, leaving a person unassisted when his or her life is in danger, abuse of public service and related features. Also, the paper analyzes the set of conditions that must be established in order for a doctor to incur liability under the Criminal Code. The paper analyzes why it often becomes difficult to prove all the necessary conditions of liability. The paper analyzes the medical error in relation to criminal law, identifies the differences between error and complication in medicine, and explains whether such application of responsibility to physicians does not violate the principle of ultima ratio. The paper explains the concept of medical error in the context of the foreign and Lithuanian legal system. Also at work, medical errors are categorized by certain types. The paper explains what features medical error must have in order to be recognized as punishable. The paper also clarifies whether the imposition of criminal liability on a doctor does not violate the principle of ultima ratio, or whether the revocation of a license is a proportionate sanction applied to the doctor. The paper evaluates the refusal to apply to doctors Art. 230, 3 part of the Criminal Code. In addition, the paper discusses the threats and dangers of criminal liability for physicians and discusses what provisions of the new no-fault harm model can help to address the problems of increasing liability for physicians. The paper explains the current tendencies of increasing the responsibility of the doctor, and provides examples of the phenomenon of defensive medicine. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the impact of error concealment. The paper analyzes when the new model of no-fault compensation could be applied instead of criminal liability. The paper raises the question of whether the amounts paid from the special fund for the damage done will satisfy the patients and they will no longer go to court. The work determines what damage is compensated under the new model.Paper work also explains what changes to the new no-fault damage model are relevant in the context of the ultima ratio principle. The paper also discusses whether the new no-fault harm model will actually solve the problems of criminal liability of the doctor. After the analysis of various articles by scientists and the analysis of Lithuanian legal acts, it became clear that a doctor, in certain cases, must not be liable for his actions in the performance of his professional duties in accordance with the Criminal Code. Has, when the ethical and legal provisions of the general standard of conduct of a doctor are not observed, when the performed act meets the necessary conditions of criminal liability. Not if the misconduct was due to objective factors for which the doctor was not directly responsible or dependent on them - they could not have been avoided.