Ar Mobilumo paketas nepažeidžia proporcingumo, nediskriminavimo ir solidarumo principų?
Gedminas, Algirdas |
Magistro baigiamajame darbe „Ar Mobilumo paketas nepažeidžia proporcingumo, nediskriminavimo ir solidarumo principų?“ analizuojami 2020 m. liepos mėnesį Mobilumo paketu įnešti pokyčiai, dėl kurių teisėtumo ir atitikties proporcingumo, nediskriminavimo bei solidarumo principams Europos transporto sektoriuje kilo daug diskusijų. Naujas reguliavimas kaip viena aktualiausių pastarojo meto problemų sukėlė tarpjurisdikcinius nuogąstavimus dėl šio sektoriaus darbo ateityje ir pokyčių keliamos grėsmės valstybėms narėms, kurios yra toliau nuo vakarų Europos centro. Kadangi, vedamos šių abejonių tokios Europos Sąjungos valstybės kaip Lietuva, Lenkija, Vengrija, Bulgarija, Rumunija, Malta, Lenkija, Estija ir Latvija jau pareiškė arba ketina prisijungti prie pareikšto skundo dėl šio Mobilumo paketo pakeitimų atšaukimo , magistro darbe detaliai analizuojamas tokių nuogąstavimų pagrįstumas ir naujojo reguliavimo keliamos grėsmės. Pirmoje darbo dalyje atliekama Mobilumo paketo analizė bei vertinama, ar šis nepažeidžia proporcingumo principo. Analizės metu vertinama, ar atitinkami Mobilumo paketu priimti pakeitimai, kurių rezultate pagal Europos Komisijos pateiktą informaciją padidės išmetamųjų CO2 dujų emisijos kiekiai Europos Sąjungoje bei valstybių narių transporto sektoriaus dalyviai patirs daugiau kaštų, yra proporcingi ir atitinka proporcingumo principą. Tuo pačiu, analizuojami ir kiti Mobilumo paketo pakeitimai, kuriais yra siekiama sumažinti eismo įvykius dėl sunkvežimių vairuotojų jaučiamo nuovargio. Antroji darbo dalis skiriama Mobilumo paketo atitikties nediskriminavimo principui analizei ir vertinimui, ar priimti pakeitimai jo nepažeidžia. Šioje dalyje analizuojama koreliacija tarp Reglamentu 2020/1055 įvestų pakeitimų, susijusių su reikalavimu grąžinti transporto priemones į veiklos arba buveinės vietą, pagalbos reguliuojant „pašto dėžutinių“ transporto įmonių veiklą Europos Sąjungoje ir galimai sukuriamos tiesioginės diskriminacijos periferinių Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių atžvilgiu. Papildomai aptariama, kaip įsigaliojus Mobilumo paketui, šis reguliuos visos Europos Sąjungos darbuotojų (vairuotojų) teises, jog nebūtų patiriama diskriminacija ryšium su tuo, kokioje valstybėje darbuotojas vykdo veiklą. Trečioje darbo dalyje dėmesys skiriamas solidarumo principo užtikrinimo Mobilumo pakete analizei bei vertinamas pakeitimo dėl privalomojo grįžimo į veiklos vietą ar buveinę pakeitimo (Reglamentas 2020/1055) poveikis skirtingoms valstybėms narėms ir sprendžiama, ar galimas skirtingas poveikis nesuponuoja nelygybės tarp Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių. Papildomai vertinama, ar įdiegti pakeitimai dėl sunkvežimių tachografų ir sertifikuotų stovėjimų aikštelių pažeidžia ar kaip tik – įgyvendina solidarumo principo tikslus Europos Sąjungoje.
The Master ‘s thesis „Does the Mobility package not violate the principles of proportionality, on-discrimination and solidarity?” addresses one of the most pressing issues in the European transport sector. The “Mobility package” is a package of directives adopted by the European Union with whom various rules and laws of transportation in the European Union is changed or modified. The changed consists of: (i) regulation of maximum driving hours on road and minimal resting hours for trucks drivers ; (ii) changes in rules for cabotage and other licensing requirements for companies of the transport sector ; (iii) adoption of electronical monitoring systems in trucks ; (iv) changes to the existing rules of secondments for international trucks drivers in the EU ; (v) adoption of new rules requiring for trucks to be returned to the registered office for a “cooling period”. As of July 2020, the Mobility package was adopted and will become in force in several years as different changes has different adoption dates. The whole Mobility package and the new regulations coming with it, has sparked an interest by many scholars and economy experts from various countries, because of the possibility of breach of basic European principles and possible economic downsizing. The most notable changes to the Mobility package are the adoption of the cooling off period for trucks and new implemented cabotage rules. These changes are mostly criticized and as of 15th of March 2021 countries like Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Malta, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia has either presented a claim or expressed their opinion that they will join the claims, to the European Court of Justice with whom they claim that the adopted Mobility package violates basic principles and rights of the European Union. As the controversial Mobility package was already adopted and various countries are forming claims to the European Court of Justice, with this Master ‘s thesis the whole situation is addressed through the basic European principles of proportionality, non-discrimination and solidarity. The first part of the Master ‘s thesis addresses the compatibility of the Mobility package to the proportionality principle. The amendments to introduce regulation for a mandatory cooling off period mentioned above adopted with the Mobility Package, as various impact assessments and scholars implicate, will drastically increase CO2 emissions in the European Union and increase costs for Member States' transport operators. The presented assessment results and various opinion is evaluated and concluded if the relevant changes of the Mobility package are not proportional and violate the principle of proportionality. Nonetheless, other changes regarding the safety measures for road transport adopted with the Mobility package is also questioned - whether the changes to the safety measures presented does really align with the goals of the principle of proportionality. Ultimately, a conclusion is presented as to which changes of the Mobility package violate the principle of proportionality and which are accordingly proportional. The second part of the thesis assesses whether the Mobility Package complies with the principle of non-discrimination or whether the adopted amendments violate this principle. Taken in the account are the amendments introduced by Regulation 2020/1055, which could potentially directly discriminate against peripheral EU Member States in accepting the requirement to return vehicles to their place of business or registered office. In addition, the Mobility Package compatibility is questioned if it will regulate the rights of workers throughout the European Union in order to avoid discrimination based on the country in which the worker works in. Eventually, the changes that stipulate violation of the non-discrimination principle is equated to the standing adopted changes that do not violate the principle at hand. The third part of the thesis describes the principle of solidarity and the compliance of the Mobility Package with this principle. The thesis appropriately assesses the impact of the change of compulsory return to the place of establishment or registered office on different Member States or whether the possible different effects do not presuppose inequalities between EU Member States. In addition, the assessment includes whether the changes introduced for truck tachographs and certified parking areas violate or, in fact, fulfil the objectives of the principle of solidarity. Both of the violations and fulfilment of the solidarity principle are re-evaluated and the final outlook is presented – which of the Mobility package adopted changes stipulate violations of the solidarity principle and which fulfils the objective of the solidarity principle. Finally, the whole thesis is concluded and separate changes of the Mobility package is ascertained as to which of the changes categorically violate either of the principles of proportionality, non-discrimination or solidarity. The main point addressed is the new rule adopted with Regulation 2020/1055 of the cooling off period which was focused all over the thesis and is mentioned the most in impact assessment reports and in various publications. The regarded Regulation stipulates economic downgrading in member states that are further from the centre of West Europe and also, contributes to the CO2 level of emissions in the Europe union. As well this thesis presents recommendations to peripheral EU countries, Central EU countries and companies in the transport sector, which consists of ideas of claims presentations to the European court of Justice regarding the Mobility package, implementation of new taxes and tolls within company’s areas of operations and usage of worker lending companies in other countries to lower costs of provision of services.