Ar IV Industrinė revoliucija kelia grėsmę prigimtinėms žmogaus teisėms ir laisvėms?
Palšis, Bronius |
IV Industrinė revoliucija, tai visuomenės permainos, kurioms didžiausią įtaką daro išmaniosios technologijos. Šiame darbe orientuojamasi į šiuos IV Industrinės revoliucijos komponentus: blokų grandines (ang. block chain), kiberfizines sistemas, daiktų internetą, paslaugų internetą, dirbtinį intelektą, biotechnologijas ir didžiuosius duomenis (ang. big data). Manoma, kad šios inovacijos performuos visuomenę ir iki šiol vykusius procesus joje. Šiame darbe bus siekiama apžvelgti IV Industrinės revoliucijos komponentus ir jų keliamą grėsmę prigimtinėms žmogaus teisėms ir laisvėms. Darbe apžvelgiamos prigimtinės žmogaus teisės ir laisvės pasižymi antropocentrinėmis savybėmis, kitaip tariant, žmogus yra centrinė figūra, o visa, kas yra aplink jį, vertinama pagal naudą, kurią gali sukurti žmogui. Antropocentrinis požiūris yra konstitucinių valstybių pagrindas, o šiuose dokumentuose įtvirtintos prigimtinės žmogaus teisės ir laisvės siaurąja prasme įvardinamos kaip gyvybė, laisvė ir nuosavybė. Šiame darbe į prigimtinių žmogaus teisių ir laisvių sąvoka sutalpintos šios teisės ir laisvės: žmogaus teisė į gyvybę, nuosavybės neliečiamumas, įsitikinimų išraiškos ir informacijos laisvė, teisė dalyvauti valdant savo šalį, žmogaus orumas ir privataus gyvenimo neliečiamumas. Moksliniame darbe siekiama atskleisti ar IV Industrinė revoliucija kelia grėsmę prigimtinėms žmogaus teisėms ir laisvėms, atliekant pavienių IV Industrinės revoliucijos komponentų analizę, kurioje bus gretinami revoliucijos komponentai ir jau minėtos prigimtinės žmogaus teisės ir laisvės. Tokiu būdu yra siekiama nustatyti šių sąveikų rizikos lygį, kuris yra atvaizduojamas trijų spalvų sistema, kurioje raudona spalva reiškia keliamą didelę grėsmę, geltona spalva reiškia vidutinę grėsmę, o žalia spalva atspindi, jog rizikos lygis minimalus arba jo išvis nėra. Atlikus pavienių prigimtinių žmogaus teisių ir laisvių apžvalgą yra siekiama atskleisti IV Industrinės revoliucijos komponentų keliamą grėsmę. Skirtingus rizikos lygius turinčios grėsmės pagal savo pobūdį yra grupuojamos į regionus, kurie leidžia atsakyti į šiame darbe iškeltą klausimą.
The object of this master thesis research is the threat which is arising from Fourth Industrial revolution to the inalienable (inherent) human rights and freedoms. The tasks of the research are to reveal Fourth Industrial revolution components, review Fourth Industrial revolution components impact to the society and individual, describe the inherent human rights and freedoms enshrined in constitutions and international law and finally to assess the threat posed by the IV Industrial revolution to inherent human rights and freedoms. The research methodology is based on the method of systematic analysis, comparative, logical – analytical and document analysis method. According authors IV Industrial revolution will reshape the future and the society in which we are living. This research is first step trying to summarize the Fourth Industrial revolution components, which will help to find the answer to the question whether IV Industrial revolution is threatening inherent human rights and freedoms. Inherent human rights are outcome of anthropocentric approach that means that the human being are the main figure and the center of everything what is surrounding us, but the impact of IV Industrial revolution components and their interactions is covered in uncertainty and these gaps in knowledge can lead society to poor decision-making. In order to manage potential challenges this research is oriented to reveal technological innovations weaknesses, which violate inherent human rights and freedoms. In this research Fourth Industrial revolution concept is understood as a set of the components such as block chains, cyber-physical systems, internet of things, internet of services, artificial intelligence, biotechnologies and big data. These components have impact to inherent human rights and freedoms. In this research, inherent human rights and freedoms is understood as main human rights such as right to life, right to property, inviolability of private life, human dignity, right to participate in government, freedom of expression and information. These inherent human rights are enshrined in the constitutions of various countries and international law legislations. Inherent human rights are the foundations of democratic society and main core of society well-being. Interconnections between IV Industrial revolution components and human rights are revealed in the risk table, which leads to the risk analysis of IV Industrial revolution components, which are threatening to concrete human right or freedom. In order to reveal the level of created risk there was decision made to use color assessment in which red color means high - risk, yellow color means low risk, green color means that there is no risk or there is very low risk. These evaluated interconnections are grouped to matrix. Vertical axis, from bottom to top, means the increasing possibility of the threat, while horizontal axis, from left to right, means the threat made by severity of the consequences. Revealed highest threat region is composed by big data, biotechnology and artificial intelligence components and they are threatening to inviolability of private life, human dignity, right to participate in government and the last but not least the freedom of expression and information. Analysis of this high-risk region allows us to find out the answer to the question whether IV Industrial revolution is threatening to inherent human rights and freedoms. Research findings are based by the analysis of the high-risk region. This summarizing has shown that IV Industrial revolution components and the synergistic relationship of them threatens to the inviolability of private life, human dignity, right to participate in government, freedom of expression and information. The components who create the biggest threat to these rights are the big data, biotechnology and artificial intelligence. Big data threatens to human dignity because human being becomes the tool who is generating information which is very important in IV Industrial revolution processes. Biotechnology threatens to human dignity by technical modification on human - expandable cyborging. This threat could lead to the changes of self-consciousness and understanding what is man. Inviolability of private live has biggest threat arising from big data and neurotechnology. Impact of big data appears from the collection and realization of human being generated information and this process needs more transparency. Lack of transparency in the process of IV Industrial revolution leads to other threats which is arising from big data and it has impact to the freedom of expression and information and the right to participate in government. Synergy of big data and artificial intelligence is threatening to these rights and freedoms by the way it can influence personal opinion and beliefs. Our understanding and opinion are influenced by filter bubble, echo chambers, individual search channels and many other processes which is managed by the artificial intelligence and algorithms. In this work there is also touched other important topic the – the smart discrimination which arises from the artificial intelligence activities. In summary it can be said that the IV Industrial Revolution does not pose a fundamental threat to the inalienable human rights and freedoms. However, unpredictability of the IV Industrial Revolution and the conscious society decisions (or the absence of these decisions) can have a significant impact to the human rights and freedoms essence, because individual components (and their synergy) already has effect to these values.