Ar suteikiant nekvalifikuotą pagalbą žmogui, kurio gyvybei gresia pavojus, neturėtų būti taikomi "Gerojo samariečio" principai?
Baronaitė, Judilė |
Gyvenant sparčiai tobulėjančioje ir modernizuotoje teisinėje visuomenėje kiekvienas žmogus suteikia didelę prasmę gilinimuisi į savo teises, pareigas, veiksmų reikšmę bei iš to kylančias atsakomybes. Tai lemia augantis tarpusavio solidarumo jausmas, kuomet įvairialypėse srityse didėja pareigos aktyviai veikti suvokimas. Taip pat būtina paminėti, jog teisinės visuomenės kūrimas yra taip pat glaudžiai tapatinamas su psichiniu elementu – teisinės ir socialinės pareigos suvokimo formavimu ir jos tinkamu vykdymu. Dedant pastangas pašalinti nusikalstamą neveikimą įvairialypėse gyvenimiškose srityse galima geriau vykdyti socialines bei teisines pareigas. Tačiau pareiga padėti nėra absoliuti sąlyga patraukti asmenį baudžiamojon atsakomybėn. Baudžiamojo tipo įstatymas reikalauja teisingai įvertinti asmens galimybę veikti. Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje yra išskiriamas toks nusikaltimas kaip pagalbos nesuteikimas asmeniui, kurio gyvybei ar sveikatai gresia pavojus. Daugelio žmonių moralės principai ir normos reikalauja padėti kitam, todėl žmogus, siekdamas pagelbėti nukentėjusiajam, kurio gyvybei ar sveikatai gresia pavojus, turi suteikti pirmąją pagalbą. Tačiau ar žmogus, turėdamas gerą intensiją ir suteikęs nekvalifikuotą pirmąją pagalbą bei tokiu veikimu pakenkęs žmogui, gali būti patraukiamas baudžiamojon atsakomybėn? Šiame darbe nagrinėjama problema - asmens pareiga suteiki pirmąją pagalbą asmeniui, kurio gyvybei ar sveikatai gresia pavojus, nekvalifikuotos pagalbos teikimo pasekmės bei iš to galinti kilti baudžiamoji atsakomybė. Tai gana opi problema, kurios pasekmės gali būti itin skaudžios visuomenei. Ši problema yra ganėtinai ydinga, kadangi skaldo visuomenę ir ugdo abejingumą kitų problemoms. Darbe keliamas tikslas - išanalizuoti galimos baudžiamosios atsakomybės kilimo aspektus už suteiktą nekvalifikuotą pagalbą Lietuvos ir Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijų (toliau - JAV) kontekste. Šiems uždaviniams ištirti ir pasiekti keliamą tikslą, darbe taikytas analitinis metodas kurio pagalba yra siekiama išanalizuoti įvairius mokslinius ir literatūrinius šaltinius. Taip pat analizuojami JAV „Gerojo samariečio“ įstatymo rinkinio pagrindiniai principai, lyginama Lietuvos ir JAV teisinė praktika minėtos problemos atžvilgiu, sugretinama surinkta informacija, pateikiamos išvados bei rekomendacijos. Gautos išvados išsprendė darbe išsikeltus uždavinius. Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje asmuo nėra apsaugotas nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės, kuomet teikdamas nekvalifikuotą pirmąją pagalbą dar labiau sutrikdo nukentėjusiojo sveikatą
While living in a fast evolving and modern legal society, everyone gives a great meaning to the deepening of their rights, responsibilities, the importance of actions and the responsibilities that come out of it. This is also influenced by the growing sense of solidarity as there is an increasing number of duties to be active in various fields. It is also necessary to mention that the establishment of a legal society is also closely related to the psychological element - the formation of the conception of a legal duty and its responsible fulfillment. To eliminate criminal inaction in various fields of life, it is possible to execute established duties better. However, the duty is not the only condition for a person to be criminally responsible. Criminal law requires an evaluation of a person’s ability to act. There is such a crime as failure to render assistance to a person whose life is in danger according to The Lithuanian Legal System. The moral principles of many people require to help others, so a person must render assistence in order to help a victim whose life might be in danger. However, is it possible that a person with a good will to help others, providing unqualified first aid and harming a person by doing so, could be prosecuted? In the performance of a duty, person does not understand that he can harm victim more than helping him. In these type of situation person may get civil law but also criminal law sanctions too. In Article 144 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania there is an established provision that „person which caused danger or which had responsabilities to take care of the victim ignored him when danger threaten for victims life“. In this mentioned article every single person is on their duty to help for these type of people but in other hand there is nothing about wide general public which is in helpless condition and opportunity to survive. Also there is nothing about people which are trying to help for the victims. In these twofold situations people are feeling unsecured. Person which provide help risks to be involved in different type of responsibility, however if he does not help he is braking social norms and there is a risk that he will be judged in society. The chance of getting criminal liability are not only scarying citizens but also causeing indifference for other people problems. Indifference and lack of empathy for other people problems can receive big consequences in society. This type of behavior was in the People‘s Republic of China because in this country there were no laws which can defend persons with unqualified first aid help for a long time. Because of this situation in China society there was seen indifference in other person problems. People were tend to ignore each other and does not help in all situations. Difference from China is in USA - where this problem is solved. In USA there is „Good Samaritan“ code of laws whose main point is to deffend people which helped other person with first aid. 5 Nevertheless that person which tried to help with first aid possibly disrupted health more than helped for real is not going to be punished . There is following opinion that person which is ready to help with first aid and accidentally harmed victim, he is not criminal and he can not be punished. However it must be proved that intentions was good and person did not have bad thoughts and harm just because of lack of qualification or in affect status. „Good Samaritan“ law is related to bible and motives which defines „Good samaritan“ as person which help to other person without preliminary motives or thinking about getting paid or compensation. Duty to help in historical begginings seen from in Holy Bible written story about „Good samaritan“ which not like priest walk away from injured and robbed person, but take care and gave him unrewarded help. So based on this Holy Bible story in some of the countries responsability for qualification on duty to help enforcement laws are called „Good Samaritan“ laws. These type of laws relieves person which provides the assistance of any liability that may arise from his taken unselfish choice or minimize sanction degree for assistant unreasonable nagligance . In Lithuania there is no laws which deffends person interests which helped with firs aid. Thats why this problem is new and relevant. This problem is noteworthly thats because untill now there is no legal precedents and we have a chance to solve this problem untill first real case. This Master’s thesis analyzes the main problem - the duty of a person to provide first aid to a person whose life is in danger, the consequences of unqualified assistance and the resulting criminal liability. This is a rather sensitive issue, the consequences of which can be painful for society. This problem is quite flawed because it divides society and brings apathy to the problems of others. The aim of the work is to analyze the aspects of possible criminal liability for the provided unqualified assistance in the context of Lithuania and the USA. An analytical method is applied to analyze various scientific and literary sources to investigate these tasks and achieve the goal. The main principles of the US “Good Samaritan Law” package are also analyzed, Lithuanian and US legal practice in relation to the mentioned issues, the collected information are compared, conclusions and results are presented. The obtained results solved the tasks set in this study. A person is not protected from criminal liability when providing unqualified first aid further disrupts the health condition of the victim according to the Lithuanian legal system.