Ar prekybos žmonėmis kvalifikavimo siejimas su laisvės suvaržymu užtikrina prekybos žmonėmis aukų apsaugą?
Magistro baigiamajame darbe „Ar prekybos žmonėmis kvalifikavimo siejimas su laisvės suvaržymu užtikrina prekybos žmonėmis aukų interesų apsaugą?“ analizuojamas klausimas, jog nors ir esant kitiems prekybos žmonėmis požymiams, nenustačius laisvės suvaržymo, veika nėra kvalifikuojama kaip prekyba žmonėmis, ko pasekoje, negali būti užtikrinama pilnavertiška nusikaltimo aukų interesų apsauga. Apie prekybos žmonėmis aukų interesų apsaugą kalbama plačiai, vien Europos Komisija pateikia ir įgyvendina nusikaltimo aukų teisių užtikrinimo bei įgyvendinimo priemones, tačiau praktikoje yra kitaip: dažni prekybos žmonėmis nusikaltimai lieka nežinomi, labiausiai dėl nukentėjusių asmenų baimės, nežinojimo, bejėgiškumo. Pirmoje darbo dalyje apžvelgiami prekybos žmonėmis teoriniai dalykai, tokie kaip: samprata, nusikaltimo sudėties analizė, veikos elementai. Apžvelgiami svarbiausi tarptautiniai teisės aktai, susiję su prekyba žmonėmis, bei situacija Lietuvos baudžiamojoje teisėje. Analizės metu, išskiriami nusikaltimo sudėties elementai, jie paaiškinami, bei apžvelgiama teismų praktika vienoje byloje. Antroje darbo dalyje analizuojamas asmens laisvės suvaržymas kaip esminis prekybos žmonėmis veikos požymis. Jame analizuojamos laisvės suvaržymo galimos formos baudžiamajame procese bei nagrinėjama laisvės suvaržymo nustatymo problematika, pateikiant realius pavyzdžius iš bylų, teismų praktikos, teisinių doktrinų. Trečioje darbo dalyje aptariamas esamas prekybos žmonėmis aukų interesų ir teisių užtikrinimas bei apsauga. Jame aptariami apsaugos pagrindai, kurie nustatyti 2011 metų Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos Direktyvoje, Jungtinių Tautų Vaiko teisių Konvencijoje. Vėlgi, dalyje analizuojama prekybos žmonėmis aukų interesų apsaugos užtikrinimo galimybės, kai veikoje nebūna nustatytas laisvės suvaržymas, tam remiantis kai kuriomis jau darbe anksčiau minėtomis bylomis. Paskutinėje darbo dalyje yra trumpai apžvelgiamos dviejų užsienio valstybių – Rusijos Federacijos ir Graikijos Respublikos prekybos žmonėmis teisinio reguliavimo samprata, aukų apsaugą, pateikiami realūs pavyzdžiai iš bylų, teismų praktikos. Išnagrinėjus teisės aktus, įstatymus, teismų praktiką, galima teigti, kad minimose šalyse prekybos žmonėmis teisinis reguliavimas labai panašus. Abi šalys yra ratifikavusios Palermo Protokolą, kitus tarptautinius teisės aktus, juos yra įtraukę į savo nacionalinę teisę. Abejose šalyse yra užtikrinama pagalba nukentėjusiems nuo prekybos žmonėmis, o dėl laisvės suvaržymo remiamasi tomis pačiomis nuostatomis, kaip ir Lietuvoje.
The question analyzed in the Master Thesis “Does linking the qualification of the human trafficking with the restriction of freedom ensures the protection of interests of human trafficking victims?“ is that the illegal exploitation recognizable proof in cases not generally gives an option to establish the limitation of opportunity, which implies that the assurance of interests of illegal exploitation casualties can’t be completely guaranteed. The protection of the interests of victims of human trafficking is widely discussed; for example, the European Commission presents and implements the clear rights of victims of this crime; however, in practice, many crimes of human trafficking go unnoticed, owing to victims' fear, ignorance, and helplessness. The initial segment of the Master Thesis audits the hypothetical subjects of illegal exploitation, like the idea, the examination of the piece of the wrongdoing, the components of the demonstration. The main worldwide lawful demonstrations identified with illegal exploitation and the circumstance in Lithuanian criminal law are explored. During the investigation, the components of the wrongdoing are singled out, they are clarified, and the case law in one case is explored. The second piece of the Master Thesis examines the limitation of individual flexibility as a fundamental element of illegal exploitation. The potential types of the limitation of opportunity in the criminal procedures are investigated and the issue of the limitation of opportunity foundation, giving genuine models from cases, case law, and legitimate teachings, is analyzed. The third piece of the Master Thesis talks about the current confirmation and security of the interests and privileges of illegal exploitation casualties. The premise of assurance, set out in the 2011 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, are examined. Indeed, the third piece of the Master Thesis investigates the potential outcomes of guaranteeing the assurance of the interests of illegal exploitation casualties, when no limitation of opportunity has been set up in the demonstration, in view of certain cases previously referenced in the proposition. The last piece of the Master Thesis gives a concise outline of the idea of lawful guideline of illegal exploitation and the assurance of the casualties in two unfamiliar nations – the Russian Federation and the Hellenic Republic, as well as real-life examples from cases and case law. On the basis of the legal acts, legislation, and case law, it can be concluded that the legal regulation of human trafficking in the aforementioned countries is relatively comparable. Both countries have ratified the Palermo Protocol as well as other international protocols and have made them part of their domestic legislation. Aid is offered to victims of human trafficking in both nations, and the same provisions apply as in Lithuania due to the restriction of liberty. Summarizing all the issues raised in the paper, it can be seen that the determination of the restriction of liberty in cases of trafficking in human beings often remains problematic, although the analysis of the composition of the crime is quite clearly regulated. When it comes to trafficking in children, it will always qualify as trafficking in human beings, whether or not there is a restriction of liberty. When dealing with case law on trafficking in human beings and the imposition of a restriction of liberty, the most common problem arises from an attempt to challenge the fact of a restriction of liberty. It happens that the court's findings may contradict each other, for example due to different treatment of testimony. The analysis reveals another problem that, in most cases, the complete vulnerability of the victim must be established so that, for example, she does not have any right of choice and cannot fully oppose it. If there is the slightest hint that the opposite is the case, or that no active action has been taken to break the will, this becomes an obstacle to qualifying for trafficking. Although trafficking in human beings is perceived as absolute, the examination of evidence, its evaluation and its adequacy to purposefully assess all the criteria for the number of alternative acts committed during a criminal offense and the like are very important. However, trafficking in human beings could be qualified in the absence of a direct deprivation of liberty, for example, if sufficient evidence has been gathered, or at least some of the alternatives have been identified, or at least some of the relevant elements of the offense are qualified. For example, due to the formal composition of the crime, trafficking in human beings may be qualified from the outset, such as recruitment, so the presence or absence of a direct restriction of liberty may not be affected. The hypothesis advanced in the Master's thesis that the requirement of the criterion of liberty restriction does not obstruct the protection of the interests of human trafficking victims has been partially substantiated. After reviewing and analyzing all of the material presented in the work, it can be concluded that the fact that deprivation of liberty is a necessary feature of human trafficking aids in the protection of trafficking victims, as well as the protection of the interests of all other victims of criminal offenses. The crime of human trafficking can be classified without imposing a direct restriction on liberty, and the protection of victims' interests is guaranteed by the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania and other legal actions in any instance.