Ar Lietuvos teismas turi jurisdikciją nagrinėti bylą vien remiantis forum necessitatis doktrina?
Zakarauskaitė, Šarlota |
Forum necessitatis (arba – būtinosios jurisdikcijos) principas užtikrina, jog kiekvienas asmuo, kad ir kur jis bebūtų, turėtų teisę į teisminį procesą ir bylos išnagrinėjimą. Šis principas preziumuoja, kad, kai negalima nustatyti, šalies teismo jurisdikcijos, teismas, išimtinais atvejais, kuomet kitoje trečiojoje šalyje procesas yra neįmanomas, gali tapti kompetentingu priimti ir spręsti asmens bylą. Svarbu paminėti, kad šis principas kildinamas iš civilinės teisės (paveldėjimo, šeimos ar sutarčių sritis), tačiau įvairiuose doktrinos šaltiniuose vis dažniau šis principas minimas kalbant apie žmogaus teisių užtikrinimo problemą. Pabrėžtina, kad forum necessitatis principas iš esmės nėra naudojamas Lietuvos Respublikos teismų praktikoje, taip pat nėra išanalizuotas nacionalinės doktrinos. Pats principas, kaip toks buvo pradėtas naudoti tam, jog būtų tinkamai apsaugotos visų asmenų teisės, o tiksliau – teisė į teisingumą. Be kita ko, nors taikant šį principą kyla kolizijos su kitomis doktrinomis, daroma išvada, jog šis principas privalo būti taikomas, kadangi jis atneša didelę naudą tiek tarptautinėje, tiek nacionalinėje sferoje. Taip pat atsižvelgtina, kad pats principas, nors ir neaprašytas ir nenaudojamas Lietuvos Respublikoje, vis dėlto galėtų būti pasitelktas, kadangi tarptautinėje doktrinoje jis yra prilyginamas generaliniam tarptautiniam principui, kuris gali būti naudojamas net ir tada, kuomet nėra ankstesnės šio principo naudojimo praktikos. Lietuvos Respublikoje šis principas būtų tinkamas įrankis asmenų teisėms užtikrinti, ypač atsižvelgiant į konkrečias situacijas, kuomet tam tikras ieškinys negali būti priimtas pagal esamas Civilinio proceso kodekso normas. Be kita ko, tarptautinėje praktikoje vis dar nėra iki galo sutarta, kaip šis principas turėtų būti naudojamas, atitinkamos tarptautinių teismų praktikos yra skirtingos, net ir labai panašiose situacijose. Šis skirtingumas veikiausiai kyla iš pagrindinių sąlygų, kurios turi būti išpildytos prieš taikant šį principą – tai yra objektyvus negalėjimas bylą nagrinėti kitoje valstybėje bei pakankamos sąsajos sąlyga. Teigtina, kad Lietuvos Respublika, prieš inkorporuojant šį principą į savo teisinę sistemą, turėtų atsižvelgti į kitų šalių praktiką ir pasisemti naudingus dalykus, šių sąlygų taikymo kontekste.
The doctrine of forum necessitatis (or jurisdiction) is one way of ensuring that everyone, wherever they are, has the right to a trial and a fair trial. The very principle of this jurisdiction states that, in the absence of criteria for determining the jurisdiction of a national court, that court may, in exceptional cases where it is responsible in another country, also have jurisdiction to hear the case. It is important to note that the principle has its roots in civil law (in the field of inheritance, family, or contract), but the sources of this doctrine provide more mention of this principle when it comes to human rights. Regarding the novelty of the topic, it is interesting and important to emphasize that the principle of forum necessitatis is almost completely undescribed in the doctrine of Lithuanian law. Even when reading and analyzing the case law of Lithuanian courts, this principle is basically only mentioned, but it is not widely applied, therefore it is presumed that it is a new and relevant topic at the national level. Looking at the existing sources of Lithuanian legal doctrine, they only mention the principle of necessary jurisdiction when assessing individual situations, but the criteria and application of this principle are not described in detail. Meanwhile, at the international level, especially in the European Union, this topic is sufficiently described - most of the sources and in this work will be foreign doctrine and practice. For example, back in 2007, when the European Union incorporated this principle, the European Commission commissioned Professor Nuyts of the University of Brussels to carry out a comprehensive study of the laws of the European Union, one part of which (I.C.16) concerned forum necessitatis. Among other things, the sources already mentioned description of the principle of necessary jurisdiction and there are some proposals for solving the problems, but it should be noted that the application of the principle itself depends on national law, therefore the use of these sources per se allows a new look at the situation adapted to national criteria. In summary, this topic is described at the international level, but when it comes to the topic of the master's thesis - whether in the Republic of Lithuania, the courts have enough to apply their own jurisdiction - it is completely new and unanalyzed. The purpose of this work / study is to determine whether it is sufficient for the court to apply the principle of forum necessitatis alone to apply the jurisdiction of the courts of the Republic of Lithuania, as well as to try to solve existing problems regarding the application of the principle of both internationally. This will be done using logical, comparative, analog and general principles methods. It is hypothesized whether the court has jurisdiction to hear a case solely on the basis of the forum necessitatis doctrine, or whether this would be useful in assessing the merits of this principle as well as the shortcomings and the current situation at both national and international levels.It must be assessed that certain conditions are required for the proceedings in Lithuania. This requires grounds of jurisdiction and jurisdiction that determine the future course of the case, in which court the case will be heard and whether such a case is available at all before a national court. It is therefore important to assess the criteria on the basis of which it is decided to which court the case will be transferred. Without such criteria, there would be chaos in the legal system and questions of competence. Therefore, the application of the forum necessitatis doctrine can be considered only when assessing the criteria for the jurisdiction under national law is not possible at all. As the situation of a foreign person seeking to defend his rights in a foreign judicial authority is quite difficult, but this is related to the protection of human rights, for this reason, as well as the guarantee of justice and the right to justice, the use of the forum necessitatis doctrine should be more frequent and applicable. Also, whether this principle can be applied depends on two criteria - whether the party is sufficiently related to the forum and whether there is an objective critical situation that would prevent a third party from resolving the case. These criteria. must be assessed to determine whether there are sufficient grounds for the case to be heard. Therefore, the case cannot simply be referred to any court. Otherwise, the principle of justice would be violated. If the case were to be referred to an incompetent court, the mere fact that a party has expressed a wish to take the case to the appropriate court would infringe the principle of justice. Consistent evaluation is important for the whole process, and this is a positive aspect, according to which the forum necessitatis principle is an effective tool that does not violate the principle of justice, as it is used to assess criteria that justify or do not justify its legitimacy. This measure could be applied in the Lithuanian judicial system, as it would not violate one of the key provisions that are an integral part of law enforcement measures.