Ar LR BK 149 str. ir 150 str. įtvirtinti kvalifikuojantys požymiai leidžia teisingai įvertinti įvykdytas nusikalstamas veikas?
Liudžius, Tautvydas |
Darbe „Ar LR BK 149 str. ir 150 str. įtvirtinti kvalifikuojantys požymiai leidžia teisingai įvertinti įvykdytas nusikalstamas veikas?“, nagrinėjami seksualinių nusikaltimų kvalifikavimo ypatumai. Pagrindinis tyrimas darbe atliktas naudojantis lyginamuoju metodu. Šiuo metodu analizuojami Lietuvos teisės aktai, teismų praktika, teisinės normos. Šio metodo taikymo tikslas – palyginti konkrečių teisės normų reguliavimą tiriamu objektu. Pirmame darbo skyriuje aptariama teisingos bausmės skyrimo pagrindai. Antrame skyriuje išanalizuoti Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių baudžiamieji įstatymai, kuriuose aptarti seksualiniai nusikaltimai. Palyginta, kaip užsienio valstybių baudžiamuosiuose kodeksuose įvardijamos veikos ir kokios aplinkybės daro seksualinius nusikaltimus kvalifikuotais. Trečiame skyriuje aptarta Lietuvos teismų praktika, išanalizuota 139 Lietuvos teismų srendimai baudžiamosiose bylose. Darbe padarytos išvados: bausmės individualizavimas pastaruoju metu dažnai atsispindi bausmės atlikimo atidėjimu arba kitų, nesusijusių su laisvės atėmino bausme, priemonių taikyme. Užsienio valstybių numatytą aplinkybių, kurios užtraukia griežtesnį baudžiamąjį vertinimą sąrašas yra įvaurus, tačiau galima atkreipti dėmesį į tam tikrus aspektus, kuriuos tikslinga taikyti Lietuvos baudžiamojoje doktrinoje. Pavyzdžiui veika atlikta tarp artimos aplinkos narių, aukai buvo atimta galimybė priešintis naudojant ar demonstruojant ginklą, veika atlikta ypatingai žiauriai. Išnagrinėjus Lietuvos teismų sprendimus nustatytos kitos aplinkybės, kurios turėtų būti įvardintos kvalifikuojančiais požymiais, nagrinėjamose veikose: aukai buvo atimta galimybė priešintis naudojant ar demonstruojant ginklą, suduoti smūgiai ne tik rankomis, ilga nusikalstamos veikos trukmė (nuo keliolikos valandų), tyčiojantis į aukos kūną įvedant kitus objektus, įsibrovus į namus.
In the following thesis on "Whether the amount of possible indictments in articles 149 and 150 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania allow for correct assessment of the committed criminal offenses?", the peculiarities of the possible indictment of sexual crimes are examined. The aim of this Master’s thesis was to assess whether articles 149 and 150 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania are sufficient in order to provide legal means and measures to enable courts to impose individualized, adequate criminal offenses and fair penalties for such offenses. To achieve this goal, the following steps were established: (1) to discuss the ways of achieving the right punishment whilst evaluating the legal means of its individualization; (2) to discuss the criminal offenses provided in Chapter XXI of the CC “Crimes and Criminal Offenses for the Freedom and Integrity of Human Sexual Self-Determination”, and assessing the problems of the few possible indictments. (3) To compare the acts provided in the criminal codes of foreign states related to the freedom of sexual self-determination. (4) To examine the practices of Lithuanian courts in such cases, by assessing cases that reveal indictment problems related to the non-existing inclusion of indictments of more dangerous acts in the absence of sufficient legal regulation. The main hypothesis and the research conducted in this paper were performed using the comparative method. This method analyzes Lithuanian legal acts, court practice, and legal norms. The purpose of applying this method is to compare the regulations of specific legal norms with those of the main object of this study. The first chapter discusses the basics of fair punishment. An analysis of the acquis of criminal history in the territory of Lithuania was conducted. The first law which was analyzed dates back to 1340, and is known as “Pamedės Teisynas”. It was the first Lithuanian law that determined a person's freedom of sexual self-determination, resulting in the act or any attempt to rape becoming a crime. Secondly, the first Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1529 was analyzed. The Statute classified the crime of human freedom of sexual self-determination as a crime of morality. During the 18th century, or in other words the medieval times, rape and other sexual abuse were particularly rare, uncharacteristic, and often concealed from the public. Only a very few cases were found in the court books of Vilnius County Castle from that century. In 1940, Article 153 defined "rape" as sexual intercourse through physical violence, threats, intimidation or fraudulently exploiting the helplessness of a victim. In 1961, Article 118 defined rape as sexual intercourse by the use of physical violence, threats, or the use of a helpless victim, while heavier sentences apply for a person who has previously committed the same crime; if it was done by a group of individuals; if it was a rape of a minor; if it was made by a particularly dangerous repeat offender; or it caused extremely severe long-lasting or even permanent physical or mental damage. On the other hand, the paper compares the following laws with other articles of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania, which provide liability for violent criminal acts. The second paragraph of Article 138 includes the definition of a helpless person; your close relative or family member; a pregnant woman; two or more people; torture or other cruel acts; in a way that endangers the lives of other people; for delinquent incentives; or acting in order to express hatred to a group of people<...>. In addition, Article 180 in paragraphs 2 and 3, adds to the possible indictments of the previous article: intrusion into the premises or use of a firearm, knife or other objects, specially adapted for personal injury; using a firearm or explosive or <...>, robbing while participating in an organized group. The second chapter analyzes the criminal laws of Lithuania and foreign countries, which discuss sexual crimes. It compares how the criminal codes of foreign countries, such as Russia, France, Germany, Denmark, Poland, and Turkey identify these crimes and what circumstances qualify them as sexual offenses. It has been established that certain indictments can be grouped into the following categories: the act was performed among members of a close environment; the victim was deprived of the opportunity to resist through the use or demonstration of a weapon or other means or substances (eg Clofelin); the act was committed with particular cruelty, mocking or introducing other objects (other than the human genitals or fingers) into the victim's body. The study identified a wide range of indictments, such as: the use of the element of surprise, protection against venereal disease, the act was committed within an event; against a victim that propagates prostitution; when the act has been made public to an unidentified audience on the Internet; abusing your own social or financial status; when the victim has been given a substance that would deprive the victim of their ability of making decisions or losing control of their actions; rape resulting in loss of life; taking advantage of the convenience provided by the environment in which people have to live together. The third chapter discusses the practice of Lithuanian courts, by analyzing a total of 139 Lithuanian court rulings in criminal cases. The following 139 Lithuanian court conviction cases, in which persons were charged in accordance with Articles 149 and 150 of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania, were selected for this investigation. From that data, it can be seen that there are certain circumstances that are deemed as possible indictments in the acts provided within the CC of the Republic of Lithuania, and others that are deemed as possible indictments in other states. The questions here are, (1) which circumstances are more important to distinguish - those that occur more often or those that occur less frequently? (2) If a rape crime is often accompanied by certain acts, should those accompanying acts be separated or considered as a definite part of the act? And (3) whether the exclusion of rare circumstances is relevant. The conclusion of the thesis is that it is necessary to expand the scope of indictments in articles 149 and 150 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The list of indictments provided by foreign states is much more thorough and therefore entails a stricter criminal assessment, resulting in certain aspects that should be paid attention to and possibly applied in Lithuanian criminal doctrine. The circumstances that were identified as possible extended indictments in the court of Lithuania are (1) the victim was deprived of the opportunity to resist due to the usage of or the demonstration of a weapon; (2) the duration of the act; (3) the act was committed with particular cruelty, mocking or introducing other objects (other than the human genitals or fingers) into the victim's body; (4) the crime was committed in a known or foreign environment.