Ar esamas policijos pareigūnų veiksmų teisinis reglamentavimas užtikrina apsaugą smurto artimoje aplinkoje atveju?
Malaukytė, Ona |
Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas buvo nustatyti, ar esamas policijos pareigūnų veiksmų teisinis reglamentavimas užtikrina apsaugą nuo smurto artimoje aplinkoje. Atsakant į iškeltą darbo tikslą buvo nagrinėjami Lietuvos teisės aktai, teismų praktika, Lietuvos generalinio komisaro įsakymai, Lietuvos Respublikos policijos veiklos įstatymo pakeitimo įstatymas, Lietuvos Respublikos Apsaugos nuo smurto artimoje aplinkoje įstatymas ir kt. Apžvelgiami Austrijos ir Norvegijos smurto artimoje aplinkoje apsaugos užtikrinimo mechanizmai, kurie integruojami į Lietuvą. Vadovaujantis Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių mokslinės literatūros šaltiniais, atlikto tyrimo analize, darbe yra atskleidžiamos smurto artimoje aplinkoje rūšys, formos taikymo sąlygos, baudžiamosios, administracinės ir civilinės atsakomybės ypatumai, policijos pareigūnų veiksmai. Dauguma autorių1, teigia kad smurtas yra veikimu ar neveikimu asmeniui daromas tyčinis fizinis, psichinis, seksualinis, ekonominis ar kitas poveikis, dėl kurio asmuo patiria fizinę, materialinę ar neturtinę žalą. Šiame darbe iškelta hipotezė pasitvirtino dalinai, nes policijos pareigūnai smurto artimoje aplinkoje atveju visapusiškai užtikrinti apsaugos nuo smurtautojo negali. Nors policijos pareigūnais pasitiki net 61 proc. Lietuvos visuomenės ir tai yra aukščiausias kada nors pasiektas rezultatas2. Tačiau įvairių šalių patirtis,3 dėl esamos padėties pateikia išsamų paaiškinimą, kad kriminalizavus smurtą artimoje aplinkoje, policijos pareigūnai jaučia turį daugiau galių spręsti šią problemą, tačiau tuo pačiu pažymi, kad darbas su smurtu artimoje aplinkoje jiems kelia frustraciją dėl to, kad smurtas šeimoje kartojasi bei dėl to, kad platesnė sistema nevisuomet paremia pradines pareigūnų intervencijas.
The main objective of this work was to determine whether the present legal regulation of actions of police officers ensures protection from domestic violence. In order to answer the raised question, the Lithuanian legal acts, case law, orders of the Lithuanian General Commissioner, Law amending the Law on Police Activities of the Republic of Lithuania, Law on Protection against Domestic Violence of the Republic of Lithuania, Code of Violation of Administrative Rights of the Republic of Lithuania, Code of Administrative Penalties of the Republic of Lithuania and other were analyzed. The mechanisms to ensure protection against domestic violence in foreign countries (Austria and Norway) integrated into Lithuania through cooperation of police officers with the aforementioned foreign countries were reviewed. The work consists of three parts, which reveal the theoretical and practical aspects of the topic’s relevance. The first part of the work is used to introduce the types and forms of domestic violence. Their essential characteristics are revealed in case of violence against the person who is not able to protect himself from the situation created by the abuser. Moreover, the comparative analysis of the concepts of victim and aggrieved person is carried out according to the Law on Protection against Domestic Violence of the Republic of Lithuania, orders of the Lithuanian General Commissioner, Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, other legal acts and scientific articles. It revealed that the aforementioned concepts have the same meaning in case of domestic violence, i.e. the key features are the same. Following the sources of Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature and analysis of the performed research, the work reveals the types, forms and application conditions of domestic violence and peculiarities of criminal, administrative and civil liability on the ground of various methods of documentary analysis. The linguistic, speech, historical, logical and systemic methods are applied for documentary analysis. They are used to present in detail the actions of police officers applied top protect the persons from domestic violence. With regard to domestic violence it is important to mention that the violence can be defined as deliberate physical, mental, sexual, economic or other impact caused by some action or omission to act by another person, which results in physical, material or intangible damage of that person. The statement of some authors that domestic violence is not a major societal problem was not confirmed. This phenomenon is latent and police officers had not had any lawful powers to solve the problems of domestic violence. However, when the Law on Protection against Domestic Violence of the Republic of Lithuania came into effect, the large scope of domestic violence in the country was revealed. The second part of the work is used to describe in more detail the most relevant ground of the topic – actions of police officers in case of domestic violence. This part introduces functions and tasks of police officers. Besides, three levels (categories A, B, C) of calls to the place of incident are described and compared. Their main difference is time needed by police officers to arrive to the place of incident and to prevent the criminal activity. The numerous Lithuanian case law reveals huge consumption of alcohol beverages that leads to aggressive behavior against another person. The majority of police officers have to go to locations of domestic violence when the abuser (and often the victim) is under the influence of alcohol. The cases illustrate that if the persons were drinking alcohol before application of domestic violence, their condition at the time of conflict was inadequate to the situation. There are many cases when the victim is killed during the incident of domestic violence, which results in criminal liability to abuser. If the police are called deceitfully, the individual gets under administrative liability. The third part of the work introduces foreign experience and actions of police officers used to ensure protection in case of domestic violence. This part reveals close interinstitutional relations between the Lithuanian and Norwegian police officers in attempt to solve the issues of ensuring protection in case of domestic violence. It is no secret that the Lithuanian cooperation with the Norwegian police officers in case of domestic violence is a huge step forward in the area of protection of victims. The help buttons of electronic devices originating from Norway serve as an example. It is the country that creates and tests various methods contributing to ensuring protection in case of domestic violence. Moreover, the essential features of protection against domestic violence applied in Austria are presented in this part. These are intervention centers where the victim of violence receives specialized help. Although the presented means are in use, but domestic violence has not disappeared in either country and it is still encountered among the society. According to the current Law on Protection against Domestic Violence, the person, who suffers violence, does not submit a complaint. The essential meaning is that when the police officers come to the place of incident and record the case of violence, they protect the aggrieved person from negative consequences. The police officers have to react to domestic violence the first. Their objective and task is to help to prevent criminal activity. In this case its domestic violence, where victims are weaker than the abuser. However, the representatives of the same gender are also often encountered as abusers. The violence they use does not differ from violence between different genders. The hypothesis raised in the present work was confirmed partially, because in case of domestic violence the police officers cannot ensure overall protection against abuser, although even 61 percent of the Lithuanian society trusts the police officers – it is the highest ever result. However the experience of other countries provides comprehensive explanation regarding the present situation: the criminalization of domestic violence gives the sense to police officers that they have more powers to solve this problem, but at the same time the work with domestic violence causes their frustration because of recurrent domestic violence and frequent lack of support of their initial interventions by wider system. Therefore the police officers would need more cooperation from representatives of professional groups (prosecutors, help centres), elaboration of analyses of domestic violence and psychological skills for cooperation with victims and abusers.