Organizaciju vadyba: sisteminiai tyrimai Nr. 28

The paper analyses the problems and trends in the strategic planning theory development, discusses the perspectives of its influence on the performance of economic structures. The change in attitude towards strategic planning is analyzed and the development stages of strategic planning methodology are revealed. The author attempts to ground the need of strategic planning in business organizations and its practical benefit.
The paper defines the opposite strategic phenomena and their application advantages, presents the possible combination examples of their positive aspects. The obtained research results have offered a possibility to formulate the generalizing conditions for the effective application of strategic planning methodology.

Irena BAKANAUSKIENĖ, Arvydas BAKANAUSKAS, Vytautas LIESIONIS
SETTING THE PRICE OF AN EMPLOYEE IN THE ORGANIZATION: DIFFERENT APPROACHES

The paper analyses the approaches in setting the price of an employee from the point of view of an employer and an employee, discussing and evaluating the main human resource management and pricing theory questions. The price of an employee is understood as a result of the exchange process between an employer and an employee. The authors demonstrate that the main reward management approaches in human resource management are mostly generated in favour of the organization (employer) whereas the price of an employee is not related to his labour results. Referring to the main pricing theory approaches there are proposed the following patterns in setting the price of an employee: 1) supporting the organization's (employer's) attitude towards the employee pricing within the final consumer wants satisfaction; 2) supporting the employee's position towards his pricing, accounting all expenses made on his qualification formation and maintenance and accounting future payments that makes the investment to pay back.

Antanas BOSAS
SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS

The paper analyses actual problems of business social and ecological responsibility. There are reviewed different ways in the solving of these problems. The author presents the changes in comprehension of these problems, their meaning, estimation and correspondingly, the possible solutions over the last decades. The paper discusses different attitudes of the two alternative trends (techno-optimists and eco-pessimists) and the goals of eco-skeptics.
The principle of the Rome's Club known by the name of "Factor 4" is analysed. This article reveals the main principles, which the Rome's Club tried to use as the base for their activity (global perspective, holistic thinking and concentration on long-term and inter-subject plans). These principles grant responsibility to everyone, whose business activity has influence on recourses, ecological stability, etc. The author analyses the fact, that there appears the necessity for business to perceive and be able to coordinate maximally complicated and very often controversial interests of influence groups. It is shown that social-ecological responsibility of business mainly depends on macro environment. The paper presents a new and much deeper outlook of a future society and the goals of its evolution as well as emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach and synthesis in the analysis of the effective resources usage.

Jonas ČEPINSKIS, Dalius RAŠKINIS
DEMAND FOR INNOVATIONS IN THE DEVELOPING LITHUANIAN INSURANCE MARKET

This paper examines the problem of the efficiency increase in the Lithuanian insurance market. During the last ten years the insurance sector developed rapidly in quantitative as well as in qualitative terms. In spite of this fact there are still some possibilities to increase the efficiency of the insurance market. This paper analyses the reform of the financial supervision system, the implementation of captive insurance and mutual insurance regulations.

Ingrida GAPUTIENĖ
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS

Recently in management literature great attention is paid to knowledge management processes, knowledge is seen as a strategic asset and a primary resource of the company's competitive advantage. The author analyses the concepts of knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge-based theory of the firm. In the paper knowledge management processes are related to internationalization processes. The main focus is set on knowledge transfer and management processes in foreign owned subsidiaries in Lithuania. Seeking to explore knowledge transfer and management processes in foreign owned subsidiaries and what is an expatriate's from a mother company role in knowledge transfer and managements processes, the research has been conducted in foreign owned subsidiaries in Lithuania. The research findings were related to the existing knowledge management theories.

Irena MAČERINSKIENĖ, Renata VIRŽINTAITĖ
HUMAN CAPITAL MEASUREMENT THEORY AND METHODS

The paper deals with widely used theoretical methods of human capital measurement by dividing them into the three main approaches of human capital measurement: cost-based, output-based and income-based. The inter-relationship of these methods is described. There are distinguished advantages and disadvantages of every method.

Harald MEIER, Oded LOEWENBEIN
CHANGING ROLES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF COMPANIES: DEMOGRAPHICS AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT DEMAND HYBRID SKILLS

The paper deals with the changing demographic situation and its impact on the professionals' roles in the organization. It points out the fact that demographic changes are the reason of decreasing managerial and technical potential in the labor market. At the same time the importance of highly qualified functions in firm is increasing. The authors summarize that flat and dynamic organizations lead to constantly changing and parallel management roles in business, which, in turn, require constant changes in expert and soft skills.

Borisas MELNIKAS, Edmundas SMILGA
TRANSITION PROCESSES, INTEGRATION INTO EU, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: POSSIBILITIES IN LITHUANIA

The paper analyses political, economic and social transformation processes in Central and Eastern European countries. It discusses the problems of economic liberalization. The authors present the possibilities of the creation and realization of economic development strategies using strategic management principles in Lithuania.

Tonis METS
LEVERAGE OF KNOWLEDGE AND COMPETENCE - SUCCESS FACTOR OF GLOBAL CORPORATION: MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND SOME EMPIRICAL FINDINGS IN ESTONIA

Leverage of knowledge and competences in global corporations is described using the model of the divisions' overlapping competences. The author has made an attempt to create a mathematical description of the leverage effect in the network of global corporations subsidiaries. There are identified the characteristics of the global leveraging management model in Estonian subsidiaries.

Jurgita SEKLIUCKIENĖ, Rima ŽITKIENĖ
INNOVATIVE CHANGES OF RETAILING SYSTEM'S COMPETITION DEVELOPMENT IN LITHUANIA

The article discusses the evolution and development stages of retail competition on the basic of classical retailing theories: wheel of retailing, retail accordion and retail life cycle. The paper presents the review of macro and micro environment factors, competitive strategies, innovation changes, which determine the competition in Lithuanian's retail system and the application of competitive strategies in organizations.

Gelminė SLIŽIENĖ, Rimgailė VAITKIENĖ
INFORMATIONAL MAINTENANCE OF QUALITY SEEKING MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATION USING MARKETING CONTROLLING

Quality seeking in the organization involves various processes that require certain correlated management ways and methods. Modern marketing is based on the organisation activity's integration and coordination. It becomes an active way for quality seeking in the organization while implementing the dynamic quality improvement requirements and evaluating tightened consumer requirements and competition standards. It helps the organisation to seek for a long-term success in the market.
The paper analyses total quality marketing, i.e. management philosophy, the main idea of which is that organisation should continually seek not only for production quality but also for the quality of organization activities itself. The continuous improvement of three components - product, organization, and employees - at one time helps to develop business faster and more effectively. The authors emphasize that the deviations management system based on control principles is formed in order the quality management systems could function in the organisation. The paper highlights marketing controlling as the mechanism that supplies the management of the organization quality system with the information necessary for the decision making in the multistage activity planning and controlling system.

Sonata STANIULIENĖ
DEVELOPMENT OF NETWORK STRUCTURES UNDER GLOBALIZATION CONDITIONS

The paper discusses a network structure, presenting the generalized ideas on the network definition, its structure, development, process, characteristics, types and links with the other coherent concepts under the context of economic globalization.

Laura ŠALČIUVIENĖ, Viltė AURUŠKEVIČIENĖ
STUDY ON THE DIMENSIONS OF FUEL CUSTOMER LOYALTY: MULTIDIMENSIONAL CONCEPT

Straipsnyje pabrėžiama, kad tradicinis dviejų dimensijų lojalumo aiškinimas ne visiškai atskleidžia lojalumo koncepcijos esmę, tuo tarpu daugiamatis požiūris į lojalumą yra gerokai išsamesnis. Tačiau laikantis daugiamačio požiūrio į lojalumą, kyla metodologinių lojalumo matavimo problemų: naudojant skirtingas lojalumo matavimo dimensijas, gaunami skirtingi lojalumo lygiai. Straipsnyje siekiama degalinių klientų pavyzdžiu statistiškai įrodyti, kad skirtingos lojalumo dimensijos koreliuoja tarpusavyje.

Ligita ŠIMANSKIENĖ
THE IMPORTANCE OF CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

The work reviews the influence of cross-cultural features in management in the context of globalization. The work analyses the particular characteristics of the national stereotype of a Lithuanian based on the survey of other authors. Several hypotheses have been suggested based on SPSS programmer during the survey. The research has corroborated that the correct reasoning of typical characteristic features of a Lithuanian depends on age, position, sex, while the hypothesis 4, asserting that the correct reasoning of typical characteristic features of a Lithuanian depends on education, hasn't been corroborated according to statistics and the variety of answers was due to different personal characteristics of respondents.

Edgars VASERMANIS, Konstantins PUDOVSKIS
IMPROVEMENT OF THE ALGORITHM FOR OUTLINING THE CORPORATE STRATEGY ON THE BASIS OF NON-DISCRETE LOGICAL MODELING AND THE THEORY OF GAMES

At the stage of the Latvian economy being adapted to the European and World economies the ways to define the corporate strategy of development acquire certain significance. At the same time, the reliability of the available methods, are insufficient. The purpose of the paper is to review the main approaches towards these methods, to reveal their advantages and drawbacks, as well as to describe a new approach which is based on the non-discrete logical modeling and on the theory of games, which offers a congruent methodology how to develop a medium-term corporate strategy.

Nijolė VASILJEVIENĖ
MODERN CHALLENGES TO ENTERPRISES AND ETHICAL CONSUMERISM

The paper dwells upon the emerging problems of economics humanisation and new ways of their solution in the context of globalisation and EU integration. In respect of Lithuania this problem especially arises in the realm of the employment relations and here the focus is given on the textile industry. In Lithuania still prevails the inadequate understanding of an individual as a value and an employee as a paramount resource of a company. The problems of the employment relations may be successfully solved through the implementation of ethical standards - the ethics infrastructure in organizations - which, in turn, is prompted by the consumers' initiatives. Nowadays the assessment of the company's activity includes not only economic indexes but also social-ethical (humanistic) ones that are standardized, objectively assessed and unambiguously identified irrespectively of subjective opinions, interpretations and interests. The main precondition for converting ethical standards into an economic component has become the activity of various consumers' organizations, which embody the initiatives of the ethically progressive society. The paper highlights the initiatives of ethical consumerism that offers a powerful additional tool in forming the mechanism and the environment of socially responsible production that is both practical and eligible for a society. The paper analyses the activity of consumer organisations and its application possibilities in Lithuania that is a necessity to get to know as one of the enterprise risk management factors.

Milda VEKTERYTĖ, Jurgita STAPONKIENĖ, Rigita TIJŪNAITIENĖ
THE EVOLUTION AND PECULIARITIES OF RELATIONSHIP MARKETING CONCEPT IN THE CHANGING MARKETING PHILOSOPHY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Relationship marketing has emerged as a big new idea for many marketing researchers and practitioners. Relational management models, as opposed to transactional exchange became the norm in many countries. Some authors see relationship marketing as a narrow (more functional) perspective; others associate this term with strategic perspectives, a wide paradigm view, or even with the beginning of a new marketing oriented management theory. The paper reviews the alternative perspectives of relationship marketing (RM), compares the traditional marketing concept with the concept of RM, provides the review on the concept of relationship marketing, presents the perspectives of the relationship marketing thought and practice evolution.

Elvira ZELGALVE
PECULIARITIES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN LATVIA

The paper outlines the concepts of managing finances of economic agents. It discusses in detail financial aspects of making decisions in companies, depending on the models of corporate management. Special attention is paid to the specifics of taking financial management decisions in Latvia.

Alma ŽEKEVIČIENĖ
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AT UNIVERSITY

The paper describes the higher education development tendencies that influence the need to improve activity quality at universities when Lithuania stands on the threshold of integrating into the European Union. The problems and particularities of total quality management principle application at universities are analyzed employing the analysis of scientific literature. The experience of foreign higher education institutions in the assessment of self-activity quality, applying the European Foundation Quality Management excellence model is presented in the article as well.

REPORTS:

Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES FOR LITHUANIA

The report delivered at the international scientific conference "Innovation Changes in Economics and Management under the Process of European Globalization" that took place at Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, September 25-27, 2003.

VDU IST.2004